This is a result of mutations in genes that regulate mitosis This causes non functioning proteins to be made causing mitosis not to be regulated and it results in the uncontrollable division of tumor cells

What are Benign tumors

These can grow very large but at a slow rate These are non cacnerous as thye produce adhesion molecules sticking them together to a particular tissue They are often surrounded by a capsule so they remain compact and can be removed by surgery

What happens leading them to be life threatening

Cell nucleus becomes large and cell can become unspecialised again Metastatis meaning tumor cells break off and spreads to other part of the body The tumor can grow projections into surrounding tissues and develop its own blood supply

Development in a tumor in either

The tumor supressor gene oncogene abnormal methylation of tumor supressor genes and oncogenes or increased oestrogen concentration

These are the mutated versions of protooncogene which creates a protein involved in the iniation of DNA replication and mitosis cell division when the body needs new cells

What do Oncogene mutations result in

These result in this process being permanently activated to make new cells divide continually

What are Tumour supressor gene

These genes produce proteins to slow down cells division and to cause cell death if DNA copying errors are detected

If mutation occurs in a tumour supressor gene not producng the proteins to carry out its function

Then cell division could continue and mutated cells would not be identified and destroyed

What are Abnormal Methylation

This links to control of transcription methylation can cause a gene to turn on or off Tumor supressor genes could become hyper methylated meaning an increased number of methyl groups attached to it This results in the gene being inactivated turning of

What happens in Oncogenes

The opposite could occur where they may be hypemethylated reducing the number of methyl groups attached. This results in the gene being permanently switched on

How is oestrogen produced

These are produced by the ovaries to regulate menstrual cycle but after menapause this stops Fat cells in breast tissues can produce oestrogen and this has been linked with causing breast cancer in women post menopause

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Topic 8

Cancer

Term	Definition
What is cancer	This is a result of mutations in genes that regulate mitosis This causes non functioning proteins to be made causing mitosis not to be regulated and it results in the uncontrollable division of tumor cells
Tumors what are the 2 ways they are classified	Benign Malignant
What are Benign tumors	These can grow very large but at a slow rate These are non cacnerous as thye produce adhesion molecules sticking them together to a particular tissue They are often surrounded by a capsule so they remain compact and can be removed by surgery
What are malignant tumors	Cancerous and grow rapidly
What happens leading them to be life threatening	Cell nucleus becomes large and cell can become unspecialised again Metastatis meaning tumor cells break off and spreads to other part of the body The tumor can grow projections into surrounding tissues and develop its own blood supply
	This can be life threatening and the removal of the tumor needs supplementarty treatment and recurrence is more likley
Development in a tumor in either	The tumor supressor gene oncogene abnormal methylation of tumor supressor genes and oncogenes or increased oestrogen concentration
What are Oncogenes	These are the mutated versions of protooncogene which creates a protein involved in the iniation of DNA replication and mitosis cell division when the body needs new cells
What do Oncogene mutations result in	These result in this process being permanently activated to make new cells divide continually
What are Tumour supressor gene	These genes produce proteins to slow down cells division and to cause cell death if DNA copying errors are detected
If mutation occurs in a tumour supressor gene not producng the proteins to carry out its function	Then cell division could continue and mutated cells would not be identified and destroyed
What are the 2 tumour supressor genes that are linked to Breast caner	BRCA1 BRCA2
What are Abnormal Methylation	This links to control of transcription methylation can cause a gene to turn on or off Tumor supressor genes could become hyper methylated meaning an increased number of methyl groups attached to it This results in the gene being inactivated turning of
What happens in Oncogenes	The opposite could occur where they may be hypemethylated reducing the number of methyl groups attached. This results in the gene being permanently switched on
How is oestrogen produced	These are produced by the ovaries to regulate menstrual cycle but after menapause this stops Fat cells in breast tissues can produce oestrogen and this has been linked with causing breast cancer in women post menopause
T

Created by: yHya

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