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Delinquency Exam
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| History and Development of Juvenile Delinquency | Began in the 20th century, kids were treated and tried like adults in the 19th century, began the rehabilitative perspective, many programs were created and aimed to help children |
| Parens Patriae Philosophy | Best interest of child. The first separate court for children under 16 for neglected, dependent, and delinquent youth abuse (Illinois Juvenile Court Act 1899) |
| Status Offender | conduct is only illegal because the person is under 18 (running away, truancy, drinking, curfew, defiance to parents) |
| Juvenile Delinquency | the participation of illegal behavior by a minor under the statutory age limit (18). the study includes nature and extent of behavior, research, causes of misbehavior, legal rights, prevention and treatment |
| Correlates of Delinquency and facts surrounding them (age) | Defendant's age must be considered, age is the most universal predictor of crime, many people age out of crime, age crime curve has changed due to advancing industrialization and economy, worst offenders don't age out |
| Correlates of Delinquency and facts surrounding them (race) | Arrests are disproportionate, racial profiling |
| Correlates of Delinquency and facts surrounding them (gender) | Females tend to be ignored in theories, boys use aggression to gain status, girls are less likely to associate with delinquent peers |
| Correlates of Delinquency and facts surrounding them (SES) | Lower SES leads to more delinquent acts |
| Age of onset | As early as 5 or 6 |
| Persistence | Early onset and other risk factors |
| Desistance | can be related to many things, cognitive transformations, chances in friends, a move, healthier relationships |
| NCVS (Collected by the Justice Department and US Census Bureau) Positives | Surveys victims about their experiences with law violations, persons 12 and over in a nationally represented sample (interviews every 6 months for 3 years), picks up on the dark side of crime, reliability |
| NCVS (Collected by the Justice Department and US Census Bureau) Negatives | Problems with questions, relies on people understanding them, overreporting, underreporting, sampling errors (are they representative) |
| Other Methods of Gathering Statistics (besides NCVS) | Cohort research, experimental and existing data, observations, meta-analysis (putting data together from past studies), data-mining (intelligence, computer software), crime mapping (looks at the geography of crime), trends |
| Victimization and Trends | younger are more likely to be victims (under 19), AA are more likely to be violent crime victims, females are more likely to be sexual assault victims, boys are more likely to be robbed, juveniles victimized by people they know and at school, same race |
| Chronic Offenders | arrested 5 or more times by 18 |
| Rational Choice Theory | is the decision to commit crime is a personal choice weighed on decision making |
| General Deterrence Theory | focuses on potential offenders, make them fear punishment, pain versus benefit of crime, punishment must be certain, swift, and severe |
| Specific Deterrence Theory | make sure that punishment is severe enough to stop repeat offenders, places less delinquent offenders with hardcore delinquents, incarceration doesn't work, arrest and punishment can increase the likelihood for further arrests |
| Biological Theories | Not all crimes can be explained by rational choice, born criminal, XYY: extra male gene means more criminal, parental deviance, biological fathers and adoptive fathers as criminals means a higher chance the child will be criminal |
| Neurological and Biochemical factors (+ arousal theories) | suffered at birth more likely to be criminal, violent criminals have poor impulse control, hostility, prefrontal lobe damage, Tantrums, aggressiveness, rage, spousal abuse, homicides ADHD Show more incidences of conduct disorder and school difficulties |
| Neurosis | anxiety fear |
| Psychosis | experience loss of control |
| Psychiatric disorders that can lead to crime | Schizophrenia, bipolar, lack of attachment |
| Mental Health Issues | Oppositional defiant disorder, Conduct disorder, Antisocial personality disorder |
Created by:
Kendalwebb07