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Geomorph Exam 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Rock Cities | Need sufficient rock strength to support steep rock faces, presence of discontinuities (joints or weaker lithology). These preferentially weather then erode to streets or squares. |
| Proctor compaction test | looking for moisture content that yields max bulk density (how wet the soil needs to be for max compaction). This is to prevent settling after building which could crack foundations or damage things. |
| Plasticity Index | PI = LL (liquid limit) - PL (plastic limit) |
| Liquid Limit | Transition of clay rich soil to liquid like ("runny") behavior. So a transition from "solid" (plastic) deformation to "liquid" (more runny) behavior. |
| Plastic Limit | Transition from "solid" (plastic) behavior to "brittle" (cracks form) behavior. |
| USCS fine Grained soils Classifications | M - Silt C - Clay |
| USCS coarse grained soils classifications | G - gravels S - sands |
| USCS Plasticity | H - High Plasticity ("fat clay"), expand when wet L - low plasticity index |
| USCS Soil Grade | w - well graded, mix of big and small (poorly sorted) p - poorly graded, everything is the same size (well sorted) |
| Difference between USCS and USDA soil Classification | USCS is mainly used for engineering and construction like for concrete while USDA classification is used for agriculture or soil sciences and water quality. |
| Master Horizons USDA | O - Organic matter, in various forms of decomp, identifiable A - topsoil, humus, fully decomposed organic matter and inorganics E - Eluviated or leaching layer, clay etc, transport out of this layer B - Subsoil, accumulation usually from overlying E |
| Master Horizons USDA bedrock layers | C - Weathered bedrock (PM), but parent material is still recognizable R - Continuous bedrock, unaltered Parent Material |
| What is the USDA soil classification mainly used for? | This classification is used for agriculture and land use planning and water quality tests and is used for more scientific purposes. |
| What is the USCS soil classification mainly used for? | This classification is used for construction and development and engineering purposes. |
| CL.O.R.P.T | Climate Organisms Relief/topography Parent material Time |
| If given a map with a high vertical exaggeration, you would expect the topography to be? | Flat |
| If given a map with a low vertical exaggeration, you would expect the topography to be | Mountainous |
| What are the two sections required to make a Geographic Coordinate System (GCS)? | horizontal and vertical datums |
| What is the reference ellipsoid datum? Reference geoid? | NAD 83, WGS 84 |
| What is the issue when moving between datums? How large (estimate) can that error be? | Different projections lead to different cords can be up to 200 ft off |
| Why are vertical datums important in the real world? (list about 2-3 reasons) | insurance , urban planning , floodplains , etc. |
| Highest point on Earth’s surface? Furthest point from the core? | Mt. Everest , Chimborazo (Ecuador) |
| What vertical datum is inaccurate and no longer used in modern maps? | NGVD29 |
| Additions to soil | Adding to volume like floodplain deposits or OM from leaf litter, depositions from the outside. |
| Losses to soil | Can be erosion like through a flood carrying sediments out of the system, or wind blowing off a degraded silty mantle. |
| Translocation | Movement within the system like leaching down of material and the collecting of it in another layer like the clay films in argillic horizons |
| Transformation | Can be weathering of bedrock sedimentary rock. |
| Saprolite | (usually in context of granite). Usually suffer "incompetent" weathered granite (or other xl rock). Often with relatively unweathered chunks of rock (corestones). |
| What formed the silty material found on the moons surface | Meteors hitting the moon formed the silty material found across the moon. Preserved bc there is no chemical weathering on the moon. |
| Karst process and landscape | Dissolution of calcium carbonate (caco3) rock - caves, dripstones, disappearing streams, sinkholes, etc... |
| Redox | Reduction - Decrease in oxidation state (gaining of electrons) Oxidation - Increase in oxidation state (loss of electrons) |
| Hydrolysis | Closely linked to dissolution, the difference is you're looking at H, OH instead of H2O. H, OH in reactions often involved in dissolution |
| colloids | stay in suspension in water, they're so small that t they interact with individual water molecules. |
| Incongruent | Does not just yield the secondary mineral but also a secondary solid product. K-spar (+ H2O(1) + Co2(g)) yielding clay + K(aq) and more. |
| congruent | You take the starting material and broke it up and put it in the solution. Does not include H2O. Nacl(s)(+H2O) = Na+(aq) + cl(aq) |
| clay meanings | A size class or a sheet silicate |
| Dissolution | An ion pulled away from the crystal structure (it's bonds) and surrounded by solvent (usually water) molecules. |
| Oxisols | Ultimate weathering of soils, highly leached and oxidized, red in color. |
| What is the pH of water in nature vs in a lab? | The pH of water in nature is 5 while in a lab pure water would have a pH of 7, this is bc of environmental factors the water comes in contact with in the real world. |
| Bowens reaction series | Highest temp and pressure is olivine and lowest is quartz, simple structure is at the top with olivine and it gets more complex like crystalline down at quartz. The bottom materials are less out of equilibrium and erode slower. |
| Golditch weathering series | Highest temp and pressure is olivine and lowest is quartz, simple structure is at the top with olivine and it gets more complex like crystalline down at quartz. The bottom materials are less out of equilibrium and erode slower. |
| Catalyst | lowers effective activation energy |
| Weathering rate factors | How many faces, its structure, how out of equilibrium it is. |
| chemical weathering | Is a path to a new equilibrium, re-arrangement of elements at an atomic scale (remember conservation of mass/elements still applies) |
| Horizontal Datum | (X,Y) gives you your horizontal position, (spatial reference global). Coordinates overlain on a reference ellipsoid. (Earth isnt a sphere). |
| Vertical Datum | Defined as Mean Sea level and your position above or below this approximation through the Geoid. |
| What is the Geoid | A surface of equal potential (gravitational potential) that was chosen to as closely as possible mirror mean sea level |
| Orthometric height | height above the geoid |
| Ellipsoid height | Height above the ellipsoid (not proper height, bc its an approximation of the geoid) GPS heights use this and can be off. |
| T.O vs T.O.T | Tetrahydron octahyrdon = 1:1 kaolonite group Tetra, octra, tetra = 2:1 Illite, smectite Koalonite and Illite = non expanding clays Smectite = expanding clays |
Created by:
JackPitt