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Unit 7: Cells
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Cell theory: A widely accepted explanation of the relationship between cells and living things. | A. All living things are composed of cells B. Cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things C. All cells are produced from other cells |
| Cells: | The basic unit of structure and function in living things |
| Microscope: | An instrument used to make small objects look larger. |
| Compound Microscope: | Focuses light through lenses to produce a magnified image, using two lenses. |
| Electron Microscope: | Using beams of electrons to produce a magnified image. |
| Magnification: | The condition of things appearing larger then they are, using convex lenses (center is thicker than the edges) |
| Resolution: | The ability to see to details more clearly, the higher the resolution the sharper the image. |
| Multicellular: | Made of many cells |
| Unicellular: | Made of only ONE cell |
| Specialized cells: | Cells that are designed to do specific jobs that help the entire organism function. |
| Cells make | tissues, tissues make organs, organs make organ systems, organ systems make an organism. |
| Elements: | any substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances. |
| Compounds: | when 2 or more elements chemically combine. Compounds that cells need: |
| Organic compounds: | carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. Organic compounds must contain carbon. |
| Inorganic compounds: | water. Inorganic compounds DO NOT contain carbon. |
| Carbohydrates: | energy rich organic compounds made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Items that have sugar and starches would be carbohydrates. Examples: potatoes, pasta, rice, and bread. |
| Lipids: | Fats, oils, and waxes. Examples: whole milk, ice cream, and fried foods. |
| Proteins: | large organic molecules made mostly of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sometimes sulfur. Examples: meat, dairy, fish, nuts, beans. |
| Enzymes: | a group of proteins that helps speed up chemical reactions in living things. |
| Nucleic Acids: | Long organic compounds made of carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, and phosphorus. Nucleic acids contain the |
| DNA: | The genetic material that carries information about an organism and is passed from parent to offspring. Double Helix: Shape of the DNA molecule |
| Water in cells: | A. Water is needed for most chemical reactions in cells B. Water helps cells keep their shape. C. Water helps cells maintain their temperature D. Water helps cells carry substances in |
| Passive Transport: | When materials go in and out of the cell WITHOUT using energy. |
| Diffusion: | The movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration. |
| Osmosis: | The movement of WATER molecules across a selectively permeable membrane. |
| Selectively permeable: | means some substances can cross the membrane while others cannot. |
| Active transport: | When materials go in and out of the cell using energy. |
| Endocytosis: | The cell changes shape and engulfs the particle. |
| Exocytosis: | The reverse process, which allows large particles to exit the cell. |
| RULE #1 | Must be made of Cells |
| RULE # 2 | Must be organized: Organization – cells specialize to perform specific functions. Levels: cells make tissue, tissue makes organs, organs make organ systems, organ systems make organisms. |
| RULE # 3 | Types of organisms: multicellular - made of many specialized cells unicellular – made of only 1 cell |
| RULE # 4 | Homeostasis - organism’s response to the environment that keeps conditions suitable for life |
| RULE # 5 | Growth and Development |
| RULE # 6 | Reproduction: |
| asexual | all or part of the organism is used to make a new organism, offspring are genetically identical to parent |
| sexual | two cells from different individuals combine to form the first cells of a new organism, traits are inherited from both parents |
| INTERPHASE | • Chromosomes are copied (# doubles) • Chromosomes appear as threadlike coils (chromatin) at the start, but each chromosome and its copy (sister chromosome) change to sister chromatids at end of this phase |
| PROPHASE | • Mitosis begins (cell begins to divide) • Centrioles (or poles) appear and begin to move to opposite ends of cell • Spindle fibers form between the poles |
| METAPHASE | • Chromatids (or pairs of chromosomes) attach to the spindle fibers |
| ANAPHASE | • Chromatids (or pairs of chromosomes) separate and begin to move to opposite ends of the cell |
| TELOPHASE | • Two new nuclei form • Chromosomes appear as chromatin (threads rather than rods) • Mitosis ends |
| CYTOKINESIS | • Cell membrane moves inward to create two daughter cells - each with its own nucleus with identical chromosomes |
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