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Anatomy and Phis.
Chapter 2E Anatomy and Phisiology
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Anatomy | The study of the structure of the human body, and the substances these structures are made of. It is the science of the interconnected detail or organisms, or of their parts. |
| Physiology | The study of the functions and activites performed by the structures, including physical and chemical processes. |
| Histology | Also known as microscopic anatomy, the study of the structure and composition of tissue. |
| Cell | The basic unit of all living things, reesposible for carrying on all life processes. |
| Protoplasm | A colorless, watery, gel-like fluid containing the nutrient material necessary for cell gorwth, reproduction, and self reapir. |
| Nucleus | The dense, active protoplasm found in the center of the cell. Plays an important role in cell reproduction and metabolism. |
| Nucleoplasm | The nutrient rich fluid located insode the nucleus |
| The muscular System | Cover shapes and supports the skeletal tissue. This system can contract and move various parts of the body. |
| Origin | The more fixed part of the muscle, located closest to the skeleton, which flexes but remains stationary. |
| Belly | The middle part of the muscle |
| Insertion | The part of the muscle that is the moveable attatchment, furthest from the skeleton. |
| Abduction | When muscles draw a body part away from the midline of the body. |
| Adduction | When muscles draw a body part toward xthe median axis of the body. |
| Flexion | When muscles move to pull a body part toward the core of the body. |
| Extension | When muscles straighten. |
| Pronate | When muscles turn inward; example, when you turn your palm downward. |
| Supinate | When muscles rotate; Turn your pal to face downward. |
| The nervous system | Responsible for coordinating all of the many activites performed by the body. |
| The brain | The largest and most complex mass of nerve tissue in the body. |
| Brain stem | Connects the spinal cord to the brain; involved in regulating vital functions such as breathing, heartbeat, and blood pressure. |
| Spinal cord | A continuation of the brain stem, originates in the brain, extends down into the trunk, protected by the spinal column. |
| Fifth Cranial Nerve | Largest of the cranial nerves; aslso known as the trifacial nerve; serves as the cheif sensory nerve of the face; serves as the motor nerve that controls chewing. |
| Seventh Cranial Nerve | Also known as the facial nerve, The cheif motor nerve of the face, Controls facial expression and the secretion of saliva. |
| Eleventh Cranial Nerve | Also known as the accesory nerve, type of motor nerve that controls the motion of the neck and shoulder muscles. |
| The circulatory System | Also known as the cardio vascular system, controls the steady flow of blood through the body by means of the heart and blood vessels. |
| Pulmonary Circulation | Carries the blood from the heart to the lungs to be oxygenated. |
| Systemic Circulation | Also known as general circulation; carries the oxygenated blood from the heart throughout the body and back to the heart again. |
| Blood | Nutritive fluid circulating through the circulatory system, bringing oxygen, nutrients and horomones to the body and removing waste products. |
| Red Blood Cells | Carry oxygen to the bodys cells. |
| White blood cells | Perform the function of destroying disease-causing microorganisms. |
| Platelets | Contribute to the blood-clotting process, stopping bleeding. |
| Plasma | the fluid part of the blood; about 90% water and contains proteins sugars and minerals; main function is to act as a delivery system. |
| The lymphatic/ Immune System | Two systens closely connected in that they both protect the body from disease by developing resistance to pathogens and detroying disease-causing microorganisms. |
| The endocrine System | A group of specialized glands that affect the growth, development, sexual activites, and state of health in the entire body. |
| Pineal Gland | Plays a major role in sexual development, sleep, and metabolism. |
| Pituitary Gland | Most complex organ of the endocrine system; affects growth, blood pressure and metabolism. |
| Thyroid Gland | Located in the neck that secretes horomones that regualte the bodys metabolism. Needs iodine from the diet to function properly. |
| Parathyroid Gland | Regulates blodd calcium and phosperus levels so nervous and muscular systems can function properly. |
| Pancreas | Secretes enzyme-producing cells responsible for digesting carbohydrates, proteins and fats; the islet of langehans cells within the pancreas control insulin and glucagon. |
| Adrenal Gland | Located at the top of the kidneys; assists in the regulation of metabolism, stress response, and blood pressure, and supports immune system health through the generation of specific hormones; affects skin melanization. |
| Melasma | Also reffered to as pregnancy mask; a form of hyperpigmentation that is characterized by patches of brown pigmentation due to hormonal imblances. |
| The respiratory System | Enables breathing and consists of the lungs and air passages. |
| Ingestion | Eating, or taking food into the body. |
| Peristalsis | Moving food along the digestive tract. |
| Defecation | Elimination of solid waste from the body. |
| Liver | Discharges bile, which breaks down digestive fat. |
| Kidneys | Excrete urine, eliminating water and waste products. |
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nbloss