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volcanoes
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| earthquake | the intense, sudden shaking of the Earth's surface caused by the release of built-up energy in the crust, typically when tectonic plates suddenly slip past one another along a fault |
| fault | a fracture or zone of fractures between two blocks of rock along which significant movement has occurred, often causing earthquakes |
| seismic wave | vibrations of energy that travel through the Earth's interior or along its surface, typically generated by earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, magma movement, or large explosions |
| focus | the exact point within the Earth's crust or mantle where an earthquake's rupture starts and energy is first released |
| epicenter | The epicenter is the point on the Earth's surface directly above the hypocenter |
| volcano | an opening, vent, or fissure in the Earth's crust that allows molten rock (magma), ash, and gases to escape from below the surface |
| hot spot | a volcanic area fed by an exceptionally hot, stationary mantle plume rising from deep within the Earth, creating volcanoes far from tectonic plate boundaries |
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