central dogma of molecular biology

DNA is found in chromosomes. In eukaryotic cells, chromosomes always remain in the nucleus, but proteins are made at ribosomes in the cytoplasm.

• Chargaff’s rules

Other important discoveries about DNA were made in the mid-1900s by Erwin Chargaff. He studied DNA from many different species.

• messenger RNA (mRNA)

Messenger RNA (mRNA) copies the genetic instructions from DNA in the nucleus, and carries them to the cytoplasm.

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) helps form ribosomes, where proteins are assembled.

• transfer RNA (tRNA)

Transfer RNA (tRNA) brings amino acids to ribosomes, where they are joined together to form proteins.

• chromosomal alteration

Chromosomal alterations are mutations that change chromosome structure. They occur when a section of a chromosome breaks off and rejoins incorrectly or does not rejoin at all.

• frameshift mutation

A frameshift mutation is a deletion or insertion of one or more nucleotides that changes the reading frame of the base sequence. Deletions remove nucleotides, and insertions add nucleotides. Consider the following sequence of bases in RNA:

A genetic disorder is a disease caused by a mutation in one or a few genes. A human example is cystic fibrosis.

• germline mutation

Germline mutations occur in gametes. These mutations are especially significant because they can be transmitted to offspring and every cell in the offspring will have the mutation.

environmental factors that causes mutations

change in the sequence of bases in DNA or RNA

change in a single nucleotide base in the genetic material

Somatic mutations occur in other cells of the body. These mutations may have little effect on the organism because they are confined to just one cell and its daughter cells.

group of three nitrogen bases in nucleic acids that makes up a code “word” of the genetic code and stands for an amino acid, start, or stop

universal code of three-base codons that encodes the genetic instructions for the amino acid sequence of proteins

region of a gene where a RNA polymerase binds to initiate transcription of the gene

process in which cells make proteins that includes transcription of DNA and translation of mRNA

process in which genetic instructions in DNA are copied to form a complementary strand of mRNA

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chapter 6.0 Biology

Notes

Term	Definition
central dogma of molecular biology	DNA is found in chromosomes. In eukaryotic cells, chromosomes always remain in the nucleus, but proteins are made at ribosomes in the cytoplasm.
• Chargaff’s rules	Other important discoveries about DNA were made in the mid-1900s by Erwin Chargaff. He studied DNA from many different species.
• messenger RNA (mRNA)	Messenger RNA (mRNA) copies the genetic instructions from DNA in the nucleus, and carries them to the cytoplasm.
ribosomal RNA (rRNA)	Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) helps form ribosomes, where proteins are assembled.
• transfer RNA (tRNA)	Transfer RNA (tRNA) brings amino acids to ribosomes, where they are joined together to form proteins.
• chromosomal alteration	Chromosomal alterations are mutations that change chromosome structure. They occur when a section of a chromosome breaks off and rejoins incorrectly or does not rejoin at all.
• frameshift mutation	A frameshift mutation is a deletion or insertion of one or more nucleotides that changes the reading frame of the base sequence. Deletions remove nucleotides, and insertions add nucleotides. Consider the following sequence of bases in RNA:
• genetic disorder	A genetic disorder is a disease caused by a mutation in one or a few genes. A human example is cystic fibrosis.
• germline mutation	Germline mutations occur in gametes. These mutations are especially significant because they can be transmitted to offspring and every cell in the offspring will have the mutation.
• mutagen	environmental factors that causes mutations
• mutation	change in the sequence of bases in DNA or RNA
• point mutation	change in a single nucleotide base in the genetic material
• somatic mutation	Somatic mutations occur in other cells of the body. These mutations may have little effect on the organism because they are confined to just one cell and its daughter cells.
codon	group of three nitrogen bases in nucleic acids that makes up a code “word” of the genetic code and stands for an amino acid, start, or stop
• genetic code	universal code of three-base codons that encodes the genetic instructions for the amino acid sequence of proteins
promoter	region of a gene where a RNA polymerase binds to initiate transcription of the gene
protein synthesis	process in which cells make proteins that includes transcription of DNA and translation of mRNA
• transcription	process in which genetic instructions in DNA are copied to form a complementary strand of mRNA
translation	process in which genetic instructions in DNA are copied to form a complementary strand of mRNA

Created by: user-1989884

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