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2.2.1 Endocrine
2.2.1 Endocrine Vocab
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Pineal Gland | A small endocrine gland located deep in the brain that produces melatonin, a hormone that regulates sleep–wake cycles (circadian rhythms). |
| Hypothalamus | A region of the brain that links the nervous system to the endocrine system. It controls body temperature, hunger, thirst, and directs the pituitary gland by releasing regulatory hormones. |
| Pituitary Gland | Often called the “master gland,” it sits below the hypothalamus and releases hormones that control other endocrine glands (such as growth hormone, TSH, LH, and FSH). |
| Thyroid Gland | A butterfly-shaped gland in the neck that produces hormones (thyroxine/T4 and triiodothyronine/T3) that regulate metabolism, energy production, and growth. |
| Thymus | An endocrine and immune system gland located behind the sternum. It produces hormones (like thymosin) that help T-cells mature during childhood. |
| Adrenal Gland | Two glands located on top of the kidneys. They produce hormones such as cortisol, adrenaline, and aldosterone that help regulate stress response, metabolism, and blood pressure. |
| Pancreas | A gland located behind the stomach. It has endocrine functions (releasing insulin and glucagon to regulate blood sugar) and digestive functions (producing digestive enzymes). |
| Ovary | The female reproductive gland that produces eggs (ova) and hormones such as estrogen and progesterone. |
| Testis | The male reproductive gland that produces sperm and the hormone testosterone. |
| Hormone | A chemical messenger produced by endocrine glands that travels through the bloodstream to target cells to regulate body functions. |
| Endocrine System | A network of glands that produce and release hormones to regulate growth, metabolism, reproduction, mood, and homeostasis. |
| Gland | An organ that produces and releases substances such as hormones (endocrine glands) or other fluids like sweat or saliva (exocrine glands). |
| Receptor Cell | A cell that has specific protein receptors that bind to a particular hormone. |
| Target Cell | A cell affected by a specific hormone because it has the appropriate receptor for that hormone. |
| Estrogen | A group of female sex hormones produced mainly by the ovaries that regulate the menstrual cycle and development of female secondary sex characteristics. |
| Progesterone | A hormone produced by the ovaries that prepares the uterus for pregnancy and helps regulate the menstrual cycle. |
| Testosterone | The primary male sex hormone produced by the testes that controls male secondary sex characteristics and sperm production. |
| Insulin | A hormone produced by the pancreas that lowers blood glucose levels by helping cells take in glucose for energy or storage. |
| Cortisol | A stress hormone produced by the adrenal glands that helps regulate metabolism, inflammation, and the body’s response to stress. |
| Adrenaline (Epinephrine) | A hormone produced by the adrenal glands that triggers the “fight-or-flight” response, increasing heart rate, blood pressure, and energy availability. |
| Vasopressin (Antidiuretic Hormone, ADH) | A hormone produced by the hypothalamus and released by the pituitary gland that regulates water balance by controlling how much water the kidneys reabsorb. |
| Growth Hormone (GH) | A hormone released by the pituitary gland that stimulates growth, cell reproduction, and tissue repair. |
| Positive Feedback Loop | A control mechanism in which the response enhances or amplifies the original stimulus (e.g., oxytocin release during childbirth). |
| Negative Feedback Loop | A control mechanism in which the response reduces or counteracts the original stimulus to maintain balance (e.g., regulation of body temperature or blood glucose). |
| Type 1 Diabetes | An autoimmune disease in which the immune system destroys insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas, resulting in little or no insulin production. |
| Type 2 Diabetes | A metabolic disorder in which the body becomes resistant to insulin or does not produce enough insulin, leading to high blood glucose levels. |
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