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2.2.1 Endocrine
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Pineal Gland | A small gland in the brain that makes melatonin, a hormone that controls sleep–wake cycles. |
| Hypothalamus | A part of the brain that links the nervous system to the endocrine system. It controls body temperature, hunger, thirst, and tells the pituitary gland when to release hormones. |
| Pituitary Gland | Known as the “master gland.” It releases hormones that control other endocrine glands and regulates growth, reproduction, and water balance. |
| Thyroid Gland | Located in the neck; controls metabolism (how fast your body uses energy) by releasing thyroid hormones. |
| Thymus | A gland important for the immune system, especially during childhood. It helps T-cells develop to fight infections. |
| Adrenal Gland | Sits on top of the kidneys. Releases hormones like adrenaline and cortisol that help with stress response (“fight or flight”). |
| Pancreas | A gland that regulates blood sugar by releasing insulin and glucagon. |
| Ovary | Female reproductive gland that produces eggs and hormones like estrogen and progesterone. |
| Testis (Testes) | Male reproductive glands that produce sperm and testosterone. |
| Hormone | A chemical messenger released by glands that travels through the bloodstream to control body functions. |
| Endocrine System | A body system made of glands that produce hormones to regulate growth, metabolism, mood, reproduction, and more. |
| Gland | An organ that makes and releases substances like hormones |
| Receptor Cell | A cell with special proteins that recognize and respond to a specific hormone. |
| Target Cell | A cell affected by a hormone because it has the right receptor for that hormone. |
| Estrogen | Female hormone responsible for development of female traits and regulating the menstrual cycle. |
| Progesterone | Helps prepare the uterus for pregnancy and supports early pregnancy. |
| Testosterone | Male hormone responsible for male traits (deeper voice, muscle growth) and sperm production. |
| Insulin | A hormone from the pancreas that lowers blood sugar by helping cells absorb glucose. |
| Cortisol | A stress hormone from the adrenal glands that helps control metabolism, inflammation, and stress response. |
| Adrenaline (Epinephrine) | A hormone that prepares the body for quick action—increases heart rate, breathing, and energy. |
| Vasopressin (ADH) | Helps control water balance by telling the kidneys to save water. |
| Growth Hormone (GH) | Released by the pituitary gland; stimulates growth of bones and muscles. |
| Positive Feedback Loop | A process where a change causes more of the same change to happen (amplifies the response). Example: Hormone release during childbirth increases until delivery. |
| Negative Feedback Loop | A process that reverses a change to keep the body stable (most common in the body). Example: If hormone levels get too high, the body signals to stop producing more. |
| Type 1 Diabetes | An autoimmune condition where the body cannot make insulin because it attacks the insulin-producing cells. People must take insulin. |
| Type 2 Diabetes | The body still makes insulin, but cells don’t respond to it properly (insulin resistance). Often linked to lifestyle and genetics. |
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