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cells
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Cell | The basic unit of structure and function in living things |
| Microscope | An instrument used to make small objects look larger. |
| Cell theory,a widely accepted explanation of the relationship between cells and living things. | A. All living things are composed of cells B. Cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things C. All cells are produced from other cells |
| Compound Microscope | Focuses light through lenses to produce a magnified image, using two lenses. |
| Electron Microscope | Using beams of electrons to produce a magnified image. |
| Magnification | The condition of things appearing larger then they are, using convex lenses (center is thicker than the edges) |
| Resolution | The ability to see details more clearly, the higher the resolution the sharper the image. |
| multicellular | made of many cells |
| unicellular | made of only one cell |
| specialized cells | cells that are designed to do one specific jobs that help the cell organism function |
| cells make | cells make tissue tissues make organs organs make organ system and organ system make a organism |
| elements | any substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances |
| compounds | when 2 or more elements chemically combine |
| organic compound | carbohydrates,lipids,proteins, and nucleic acids |
| inorganic compound | water,inorganic compounds do not contain carbon |
| carbohydrate | energy rich organic compound made of carbon,hydrogen and oxygen item that have sugar and starches would be carbohydrate. |
| lipids | fat,oils,and waxes |
| proteins | large organic molecules made of mostly carbon,hydro gen,oxygen,nitrogen and sometimes sulfur |
| enzymes | a group of proteins that help speed up chemical reactions in living things |
| nucleic acids | long organic compounds made of carbon oxygen hydrogen nitrogen and phosphorus nucleic acids contain the instructions that carry out all life |
| DNA | the genetic material that carries information about an organism and is passed from parent to offspring. |
| water In cells | water is needed for most chemical reactions in cells, water helps cells keep their shape water helps cells maintain their temperture |
| passive transport | When materials go in and out of the cell WITHOUT using energy. |
| Diffusion | The movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration. |
| Osmosis | The movement of WATER molecules across a selectively permeable membrane. |
| Selectively permeable | means some substances can cross the membrane while others cannot. |
| Active transport | When materials go in and out of the cell using energy. |
| 1. Endocytosis: The cell changes shape and engulfs the particle. | When materials go in and out of the cell using energy. |
| interphase | chromosomes are copied chromosomes appear as thread like coils at the start but each chromosome and its copy change to a sister chromatids at end of this phase |
| prophase | mitosis begins centrioles appear and begin to move to opposite ends of cell spindle fibers form between the poles |
| metaphase | chromatids attach to the spindle fibers |
| anaphase | chromatids separate and begin to move to opposite ends of the cell |
| telophase | two new nuclei form chromosomes appear as chromatin mitosis ends |
| cytokinesis | cell membrane moves inward to create two daughter cells each with its own nucleus with identical chromosomes. |
| Organelles | the general name of tiny cell structures that carry out specific functions within the cell. |
| Cell Wall | A rigid layer that surrounds the cells of plants and some other organisms, it protects and supports the cell. |
| Cell Membrane | controls which substances pass into and out of a cell. |
| Nuclear Membrane | the double membrane surrounding the nucleus within a cell. Also called the nuclear envelope. |
| Nucleolus | small round structure in the nucleus where ribosomes are made. |
| Chromatin | thin strands of material that fill the nucleus, contains information for directing the cells function. |
| Nucleus | Control center of the cell, directs all of the cells activities. |
| Ribosomes | small grain-shaped organelles that produce proteins. |
| Cytoplasm | jelly-like substance that fills all the open areas in the cell. |
| Mitochondria | Rod-shaped structures that convert energy from food into energy for the cell, nicknamed the “powerhouse” |
| Endoplasmic Reticulum | The ER forms a maze of passageways in which proteins and other materials are carried from one part of the cell to another. |
| Golgi apparatus | receives proteins and other newly formed materials from the ER, packages them, and distributes them to other parts of the cell or outside the cell wall. |
| RULE #1 | Must be made of Cells |
| RULE # 2 | Must be organized: Organization – cells specialize to perform specific functions. Levels: cells make tissue, tissue makes organs, organs make organ systems, organ systems make organisms. |
| RULE # 3 | Types of organisms:multicellular made of many specialized cells unicellular made of only 1 cell |
| RULE # 4 | Homeostasis - organism’s response to the environment that keeps conditions suitable for life |
| RULE # 5 | Growth and Development |
| RULE # 6 | Reproduction |
| 2. Exocytosis: | The reverse process, which allows large particles to exit the cell. |
| asexual | - all or part of the organism is used to make a new organism, offspring are genetically identical to parent |
| sexual | two cells from different individuals combine to form the first cells of a new organism, traits are inherited from both |
| Vacuole | stores water, food, and other materials needed by the cell, they can also carry waste products until it is removed. |
| Chloroplasts | captures energy from the sunlight and changes it to a form of energy cells can use in making food. |
| Lysosomes | Contains substances that break down large food particles into smaller ones. |
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