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medical terms fr
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| "Question" | "Answer" |
| "Combining form (CF)" | "When a word root (WR) is combined with a combining vowel" |
| "Combining vowel (CV)" | "Typically the letter 'o' that helps with pronunciation and connects word parts" |
| "Prefix (P)" | "Appears at the beginning of the medical term and adds meaning to the word root" |
| "Suffix (S)" | "At the end of the medical term |
| "Word root (WR)" | "Core of medical terms that refers to the body part or body system" |
| "Abdominopelvic cavity" | "Largest cavity in the body housing digestive organs |
| "Anatomical view of the body" | "Standardized position: standing upright |
| "Anatomy" | "Study of the structure of body systems" |
| "Anterior" | "Front or direction toward the front of the body" |
| "Bilateral" | "Pertaining to both sides of the body" |
| "Contralateral" | "Positioned on the opposite side" |
| "Cranial cavity" | "Part of dorsal cavity that houses the brain" |
| "Deep" | "Position farther from the surface of the body" |
| "Distal" | "Farther from the point of attachment or trunk of the body" |
| "Dorsal (posterior) cavity" | "Body cavity that includes the cranial and spinal cavities" |
| "Dorsum" | "Top of one's hand or foot" |
| "Frontal (coronal) plane" | "Vertical plane dividing body into anterior and posterior portions" |
| "Homeostasis" | "Body's biological processes that result in stable equilibrium" |
| "Inferior (caudal)" | "Position below or lower than another part of the body" |
| "Ipsilateral" | "Positioned on the same side" |
| "Lateral" | "Direction toward the side of the body" |
| "Medial" | "Middle or direction toward the middle of the body" |
| "Mucous membranes" | "Epithelial membranes lining body cavities that open to external environment" |
| "Oblique plane" | "Divides body at an angle between horizontal and vertical planes" |
| "Organ systems" | "Group of organs that work together to perform major functions" |
| "Palmar" | "Palm side of one's hand" |
| "Physiology" | "Study of the function of body structures" |
| "Plantar" | "Sole side of one's foot" |
| "Posterior" | "Back or direction toward the back of the body" |
| "Prone" | "Position of lying on one's abdomen" |
| "Proximal" | "Nearer to the point of attachment or trunk of the body" |
| "Sagittal (lateral) plane" | "Vertical plane dividing body into right and left sides" |
| "Serous membranes" | "Epithelial membranes in body cavities with parietal and visceral layers" |
| "Spinal cavity" | "Part of dorsal cavity that encloses the spinal cord" |
| "Superficial" | "Position closer to the surface of the body" |
| "Superior (cranial)" | "Position above or higher than another part of the body" |
| "Supine" | "Position of lying down on one's back" |
| "Synovial membranes" | "Connective tissue membranes lining joint cavities that hold synovial fluid" |
| "Thoracic cavity" | "Part of ventral cavity enclosed by rib cage |
| "Transverse (axial) plane" | "Horizontal plane dividing body into upper and lower parts" |
| "Unilateral" | "One side of the body" |
| "Ventral (anterior) cavity" | "Body cavity that includes thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities" |
| "a- | an-" |
| "ab-" | "Away from" |
| "ad-" | "Toward |
| "ante-" | "Before |
| "anti-" | "Against |
| "auto-" | "Self" |
| "bi-" | "Two |
| "brady-" | "Slow" |
| "circum-" | "Around" |
| "contra-" | "Against |
| "de-" | "Down |
| "di-" | "Two |
| "dia-" | "Through |
| "dys-" | "Bad |
| "ecto- | exo-" |
| "endo-" | "Within |
| "epi-" | "Upon |
| "eu-" | "Normal |
| "extra-" | "Beyond |
| "hemi- | semi-" |
| "hyper-" | "Above |
| "hypo-" | "Below |
| "infra-" | "Below |
| "inter-" | "Between" |
| "intra-" | "Within |
| "macro-" | "Large" |
| "mal-" | "Bad" |
| "meta-" | "Beyond |
| "micro-" | "Small |
| "neo-" | "New" |
| "pan-" | "All" |
| "para-" | "Beside |
| "per-" | "Through" |
| "peri-" | "Around" |
| "poly-" | "Many |
| "post-" | "After |
| "pre- | pro-" |
| "retro-" | "Behind |
| "sub-" | "Under |
| "super- | supra-" |
| "syn- | sym-" |
| "tachy-" | "Rapid |
| "trans-" | "Through |
| "tri-" | "Three" |
| "uni-" | "One" |
| "-ac | -al |
| "-algia | -dynia" |
| "-cele" | "Hernia |
| "-centesis" | "Surgical puncture to remove fluid" |
| "-cyte" | "Cell" |
| "-ectasis" | "Expansion |
| "-ectomy" | "Surgical removal |
| "-edema" | "Swelling" |
| "-emesis" | "Vomiting" |
| "-emia" | "Blood condition" |
| "-gen" | "Substance that produces" |
| "-genesis" | "Origin |
| "-genic" | "Producing |
| "-gram" | "Record |
| "-graph" | "Instrument used to record" |
| "-graphy" | "Process of recording" |
| "-ia" | "Condition |
| "-iasis" | "Condition |
| "-ism" | "Condition |
| "-ist" | "One who specializes in" |
| "-itis" | "Inflammation" |
| "-logist" | "Specialist who studies and treats" |
| "-logy" | "Study of" |
| "-lysis" | "Breakdown |
| "-malacia" | "Softening" |
| "-megaly" | "Enlargement" |
| "-meter" | "Instrument used to measure" |
| "-metry" | "Process of measuring" |
| "-oid" | "Resembling" |
| "-oma" | "Tumor |
| "-opia" | "Vision condition" |
| "-opsy" | "Process of viewing" |
| "-osis" | "Abnormal condition" |
| "-pathy" | "Disease process" |
| "-penia" | "Deficiency |
| "-pexy" | "Surgical fixation" |
| "-phagia" | "Eating |
| "-phasia" | "Speech" |
| "-phobia" | "Fear" |
| "-plasia" | "Formation |
| "-plasm" | "Growth |
| "-plasty" | "Surgical repair" |
| "-plegia" | "Paralysis" |
| "-pnea" | "Breathing" |
| "-poiesis" | "Formation |
| "-ptosis" | "Drooping |
| "-rrhage | -rrhagia" |
| "-rrhaphy" | "Suturing |
| "-rrhea" | "Flow |
| "-rrhexis" | "Rupture" |
| "-scope" | "Instrument used to view" |
| "-scopy" | "Process of visually examining" |
| "-spasm" | "Involuntary contraction" |
| "-stasis" | "Stopping |
| "-stenosis" | "Narrowing |
| "-stomy" | "Creation of an opening" |
| "-therapy" | "Treatment" |
| "-tome" | "Instrument used to cut" |
| "-tomy" | "Incision |
| "-trophy" | "Nourishment |
| "-uria" | "Urination |
| "abdomin/o" | "Abdomen" |
| "aden/o" | "Gland" |
| "adip/o" | "Fat" |
| "angi/o" | "Vessel" |
| "arteri/o" | "Artery" |
| "arthr/o" | "Joint" |
| "bronch/o | bronchi/o" |
| "carcin/o" | "Cancer" |
| "cardi/o" | "Heart" |
| "cephal/o" | "Head" |
| "cerebr/o" | "Cerebrum |
| "cholecyst/o" | "Gallbladder" |
| "chondr/o" | "Cartilage" |
| "col/o" | "Colon |
| "colp/o" | "Vagina" |
| "cost/o" | "Rib" |
| "crani/o" | "Skull" |
| "cyan/o" | "Blue" |
| "cyst/o | cysti" |
| "cyt/o" | "Cell" |
| "derm/o | dermat/o" |
| "duoden/o" | "Duodenum" |
| "encephal/o" | "Brain" |
| "enter/o" | "Small intestine" |
| "erythr/o" | "Red" |
| "esophag/o" | "Esophagus" |
| "gastr/o" | "Stomach" |
| "glyc/o" | "Sugar |
| "gynec/o" | "Woman |
| "hem/o | hemat/o" |
| "hepat/o" | "Liver" |
| "hist/o" | "Tissue" |
| "hydr/o" | "Water |
| "hyster/o" | "Uterus" |
| "ile/o" | "Ileum" |
| "ili/o" | "Ilium" |
| "laryng/o" | "Larynx |
| "leuk/o" | "White" |
| "lip/o" | "Fat |
| "lith/o" | "Stone |
| "mamm/o | mast/o" |
| "men/o" | "Menstruation |
| "metr/o | metri/o" |
| "my/o" | "Muscle" |
| "myel/o" | "Bone marrow |
| "nas/o | rhin/o" |
| "nephr/o | ren/o" |
| "neur/o" | "Nerve" |
| "onc/o" | "Tumor" |
| "onych/o" | "Nail" |
| "oophor/o | ovari/o" |
| "ophthalm/o" | "Eye" |
| "opt/o | optic/o" |
| "or/o" | "Mouth" |
| "orch/o | orchi/o |
| "oste/o" | "Bone" |
| "ot/o" | "Ear" |
| "path/o" | "Disease" |
| "phleb/o | ven/o" |
| "pneum/o | pneumon/o" |
| "proct/o" | "Rectum |
| "pulmon/o" | "Lung" |
| "py/o" | "Pus" |
| "pyel/o" | "Renal pelvis" |
| "rect/o" | "Rectum" |
| "retin/o" | "Retina" |
| "salping/o" | "Fallopian tube |
| "sarc/o" | "Flesh |
| "scler/o" | "Hard |
| "splen/o" | "Spleen" |
| "stern/o" | "Sternum |
| "ten/o | tend/o |
| "thorac/o" | "Chest |
| "thromb/o" | "Clot |
| "thyr/o | thyroid/o" |
| "tonsill/o" | "Tonsil" |
| "trache/o" | "Trachea |
| "ur/o" | "Urine |
| "ureter/o" | "Ureter" |
| "urethr/o" | "Urethra" |
| "uter/o" | "Uterus" |
| "vas/o" | "Vessel |
| "vertebr/o" | "Vertebra |
| "vesic/o" | "Bladder |
| "Dermatology" | "Study of the skin" |
| "Dermatologist" | "Specialist who studies and treats disorders of the skin" |
| "Epidermis" | "Outermost layer of skin" |
| "Dermis" | "Layer of skin under the epidermis containing blood vessels and nerves" |
| "Hypodermis" | "Layer underneath the dermis |
| "Subcutaneous" | "Pertaining to under the skin" |
| "Keratin" | "Protein that gives hair |
| "Melanin" | "Pigment responsible for skin color" |
| "Melanocytes" | "Melanin-producing cells" |
| "Adipose tissue" | "Fat tissue" |
| "Sebaceous gland" | "Oil gland that lubricates skin and hair" |
| "Eccrine sweat gland" | "Type of gland that produces sweat for temperature regulation" |
| "Apocrine sweat gland" | "Sweat glands found in hair follicles in densely hairy areas" |
| "Alopecia" | "Hair loss" |
| "Hirsutism" | "Excessive hair growth" |
| "Onycholysis" | "Separation of nail from nail bed" |
| "Onychomycosis" | "Fungal infection of the nail" |
| "Anhidrosis" | "Absence of sweat production" |
| "Hyperhidrosis" | "Excessive sweating" |
| "Diaphoresis" | "Profuse sweating" |
| "Dehydration" | "Excessive water loss from the body" |
| "Pulmonology" | "Study of the lungs" |
| "Pulmonologist" | "Specialist who treats diseases and disorders of the lungs" |
| "Upper respiratory infection (URI)" | "Viral infection of nose |
| "Pharynx" | "Throat" |
| "Larynx" | "Voice box" |
| "Trachea" | "Windpipe" |
| "Bronchi" | "Main air passageways of the lungs" |
| "Bronchioles" | "Smallest branches of bronchi" |
| "Alveoli" | "Small |
| "Epiglottis" | "Flap of tissue that covers trachea during swallowing" |
| "Rhinorrhea" | "Runny nose |
| "Epistaxis" | "Nosebleed" |
| "Rhinitis" | "Inflammation of the nasal mucosa" |
| "Sinusitis" | "Inflammation of the sinus cavities" |
| "Pharyngitis" | "Inflammation of the pharynx" |
| "Laryngitis" | "Inflammation of the larynx" |
| "Tonsillitis" | "Inflammation of the tonsils" |
| "Adenoiditis" | "Inflammation of the adenoids" |
| "Bronchitis" | "Inflammation of the bronchi" |
| "Bronchospasm" | "Sudden constriction of muscles in bronchi walls" |
| "Bronchoscopy" | "Visual examination of the bronchi" |
| "Pneumonia" | "Diseased state of the lung |
| "Atelectasis" | "Collapse of alveoli or lung" |
| "Pleural effusion" | "Excessive fluid between pleural membranes" |
| "Aspiration" | "Inhalation of food or fluids into trachea and lower respiratory tract" |
| "Tracheostomy" | "Incision in trachea to create artificial opening for breathing" |
| "Dysphonia" | "Difficulty speaking |
| "Dyspnea" | "Difficulty breathing" |
| "Tachypnea" | "Rapid breathing" |
| "Bradypnea" | "Slow breathing" |
| "Apnea" | "Absence of breathing" |
| "Hypoxia" | "Deficiency of oxygen" |
| "Sputum" | "Mucous secretions expelled through the mouth" |
| "Surfactant" | "Substance that prevents lungs from collapsing" |
| "Lobectomy" | "Surgical removal of a lobe of the lung" |
| "Urology" | "Study of the urinary system" |
| "Urologist" | "Specialist who treats urinary system disorders" |
| "Nephrology" | "Study of the kidneys" |
| "Nephrologist" | "Specialist who treats kidney disorders" |
| "Kidney" | "Organ that filters blood and produces urine" |
| "Ureter" | "Tube that carries urine from kidney to bladder" |
| "Urethra" | "Tube that carries urine from bladder to outside of body" |
| "Urinary bladder" | "Organ that stores urine" |
| "Nephritis" | "Inflammation of the kidney" |
| "Pyelonephritis" | "Inflammation of the kidney and renal pelvis" |
| "Glomerulonephritis" | "Inflammation of the glomeruli in the kidney" |
| "Cystitis" | "Inflammation of the bladder" |
| "Urethritis" | "Inflammation of the urethra" |
| "Urinary tract infection (UTI)" | "Infection of any part of the urinary system" |
| "Dysuria" | "Painful or difficult urination" |
| "Polyuria" | "Excessive urination" |
| "Oliguria" | "Decreased urine output" |
| "Anuria" | "Absence of urine production" |
| "Hematuria" | "Blood in the urine" |
| "Nocturia" | "Excessive urination at night" |
| "Incontinence" | "Inability to control urination" |
| "Nephrolithiasis" | "Kidney stones" |
| "Urolithiasis" | "Stones in the urinary tract" |
| "Dialysis" | "Process of filtering blood when kidneys fail" |
| "Testis (testicle)" | "Male gonad that produces sperm and testosterone" |
| "Scrotum" | "Sac that holds the testes" |
| "Prostate gland" | "Gland that produces fluid for semen" |
| "Vas deferens" | "Duct that carries sperm from testis" |
| "Epididymis" | "Coiled tube where sperm mature" |
| "Semen" | "Fluid containing sperm" |
| "Orchitis" | "Inflammation of the testis" |
| "Epididymitis" | "Inflammation of the epididymis" |
| "Prostatitis" | "Inflammation of the prostate gland" |
| "Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)" | "Non-cancerous enlargement of the prostate" |
| "Erectile dysfunction (ED)" | "Inability to achieve or maintain an erection" |
| "Vasectomy" | "Surgical procedure to cut vas deferens for sterilization" |
| "Orchiopexy" | "Surgical fixation of an undescended testis" |
| "Cryptorchidism" | "Undescended testis" |
| "Gynecology" | "Study of the female reproductive system" |
| "Gynecologist" | "Specialist who treats female reproductive disorders" |
| "Ovary" | "Female gonad that produces eggs and hormones" |
| "Fallopian tube (uterine tube)" | "Tube that carries egg from ovary to uterus" |
| "Uterus" | "Organ where fetus develops during pregnancy" |
| "Cervix" | "Lower part of uterus that opens into vagina" |
| "Vagina" | "Canal leading from cervix to outside of body" |
| "Endometrium" | "Lining of the uterus" |
| "Myometrium" | "Muscular layer of the uterus" |
| "Ovulation" | "Release of an egg from the ovary" |
| "Menstruation" | "Monthly shedding of uterine lining" |
| "Amenorrhea" | "Absence of menstruation" |
| "Dysmenorrhea" | "Painful menstruation" |
| "Menorrhagia" | "Excessive menstrual bleeding" |
| "Metrorrhagia" | "Irregular uterine bleeding between periods" |
| "Vaginitis" | "Inflammation of the vagina" |
| "Cervicitis" | "Inflammation of the cervix" |
| "Endometriosis" | "Condition where endometrial tissue grows outside uterus" |
| "Salpingitis" | "Inflammation of the fallopian tube" |
| "Oophoritis" | "Inflammation of the ovary" |
| "Hysterectomy" | "Surgical removal of the uterus" |
| "Oophorectomy" | "Surgical removal of an ovary" |
| "Salpingectomy" | "Surgical removal of a fallopian tube" |
| "Colposcopy" | "Visual examination of the vagina and cervix" |
| "Mammography" | "X-ray examination of the breast" |
| "Obstetrics" | "Branch of medicine dealing with pregnancy and childbirth" |
| "Obstetrician" | "Physician who specializes in pregnancy and childbirth" |
| "Prenatal" | "Before birth" |
| "Postnatal (postpartum)" | "After birth" |
| "Gravida" | "Pregnant woman" |
| "Primigravida" | "Woman pregnant for the first time" |
| "Multigravida" | "Woman who has been pregnant more than once" |
| "Para" | "Number of births" |
| "Nullipara" | "Woman who has never given birth" |
| "Cesarean section (C-section)" | "Surgical delivery of baby through abdominal incision" |
| "Episiotomy" | "Surgical incision of the perineum during childbirth" |
| "Amniocentesis" | "Surgical puncture to remove amniotic fluid for testing" |
| "Placenta previa" | "Condition where placenta covers cervix" |
| "Eclampsia" | "Serious pregnancy complication with seizures" |
| "Preeclampsia" | "Pregnancy complication with high blood pressure" |
| "Cardiology" | "Study of the heart" |
| "Cardiologist" | "Specialist who treats heart disorders" |
| "Heart" | "Muscular organ that pumps blood" |
| "Atrium" | "Upper chamber of the heart" |
| "Ventricle" | "Lower chamber of the heart" |
| "Myocardium" | "Heart muscle" |
| "Endocardium" | "Inner lining of the heart" |
| "Pericardium" | "Membrane surrounding the heart" |
| "Artery" | "Blood vessel carrying blood away from heart" |
| "Vein" | "Blood vessel carrying blood toward heart" |
| "Capillary" | "Smallest blood vessel where gas exchange occurs" |
| "Aorta" | "Largest artery in the body" |
| "Pulmonary artery" | "Artery carrying blood from heart to lungs" |
| "Pulmonary vein" | "Vein carrying blood from lungs to heart" |
| "Myocardial infarction (MI)" | "Heart attack" |
| "Angina pectoris" | "Chest pain due to reduced blood flow to heart" |
| "Arrhythmia" | "Irregular heart rhythm" |
| "Bradycardia" | "Slow heart rate" |
| "Tachycardia" | "Rapid heart rate" |
| "Hypertension" | "High blood pressure" |
| "Hypotension" | "Low blood pressure" |
| "Atherosclerosis" | "Hardening of arteries due to plaque buildup" |
| "Arteriosclerosis" | "Hardening and thickening of arterial walls" |
| "Thrombosis" | "Formation of a blood clot" |
| "Embolism" | "Blockage of blood vessel by a clot or debris" |
| "Aneurysm" | "Abnormal bulging of blood vessel wall" |
| "Varicose veins" | "Enlarged |
| "Phlebitis" | "Inflammation of a vein" |
| "Endocarditis" | "Inflammation of the inner lining of the heart" |
| "Myocarditis" | "Inflammation of the heart muscle" |
| "Pericarditis" | "Inflammation of the pericardium" |
| "Cardiomegaly" | "Enlargement of the heart" |
| "Cardiomyopathy" | "Disease of the heart muscle" |
| "Congestive heart failure (CHF)" | "Condition where heart cannot pump blood effectively" |
| "Electrocardiogram (ECG/EKG)" | "Record of electrical activity of the heart" |
| "Echocardiogram" | "Ultrasound of the heart" |
| "Angiography" | "X-ray of blood vessels" |
| "Angioplasty" | "Surgical repair of a blood vessel" |
| "Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG)" | "Surgery to bypass blocked coronary arteries" |
| "Hematology" | "Study of blood" |
| "Hematologist" | "Specialist who treats blood disorders" |
| "Erythrocyte" | "Red blood cell" |
| "Leukocyte" | "White blood cell" |
| "Platelet (thrombocyte)" | "Cell fragment involved in blood clotting" |
| "Plasma" | "Liquid portion of blood" |
| "Hemoglobin" | "Protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen" |
| "Anemia" | "Deficiency of red blood cells or hemoglobin" |
| "Leukemia" | "Cancer of white blood cells" |
| "Leukopenia" | "Deficiency of white blood cells" |
| "Leukocytosis" | "Excessive white blood cells" |
| "Thrombocytopenia" | "Deficiency of platelets" |
| "Hemophilia" | "Hereditary bleeding disorder" |
| "Coagulation" | "Blood clotting" |
| "Anticoagulant" | "Substance that prevents blood clotting" |
| "Hemorrhage" | "Excessive bleeding" |
| "Hematoma" | "Collection of blood outside blood vessels" |
| "Hemolysis" | "Destruction of red blood cells" |
| "Lymph" | "Clear fluid containing white blood cells" |
| "Lymph node" | "Small structure that filters lymph" |
| "Lymphatic vessel" | "Vessel that carries lymph" |
| "Spleen" | "Organ that filters blood and removes old red blood cells" |
| "Thymus" | "Gland that produces T-cells" |
| "Lymphadenopathy" | "Disease of lymph nodes" |
| "Lymphadenitis" | "Inflammation of lymph nodes" |
| "Splenomegaly" | "Enlargement of the spleen" |
| "Splenectomy" | "Surgical removal of the spleen" |
| "Lymphoma" | "Cancer of lymphatic tissue" |
| "Immunology" | "Study of the immune system" |
| "Antigen" | "Substance that triggers immune response" |
| "Antibody" | "Protein that fights antigens" |
| "Immunity" | "Resistance to disease" |
| "Immunodeficiency" | "Deficiency in immune system" |
| "Gastroenterology" | "Study of stomach and intestines" |
| "Gastroenterologist" | "Specialist who treats digestive disorders" |
| "Esophagus" | "Tube connecting mouth to stomach" |
| "Stomach" | "Organ that digests food" |
| "Small intestine" | "Organ where most digestion and absorption occurs" |
| "Duodenum" | "First part of small intestine" |
| "Jejunum" | "Middle part of small intestine" |
| "Ileum" | "Last part of small intestine" |
| "Large intestine (colon)" | "Organ that absorbs water and forms feces" |
| "Cecum" | "Beginning of large intestine" |
| "Appendix" | "Small pouch attached to cecum" |
| "Rectum" | "Last part of large intestine" |
| "Anus" | "Opening at end of digestive tract" |
| "Liver" | "Largest internal organ |
| "Gallbladder" | "Organ that stores bile" |
| "Pancreas" | "Organ that produces digestive enzymes and insulin" |
| "Gastritis" | "Inflammation of the stomach" |
| "Gastroenteritis" | "Inflammation of stomach and intestines" |
| "Esophagitis" | "Inflammation of the esophagus" |
| "Colitis" | "Inflammation of the colon" |
| "Appendicitis" | "Inflammation of the appendix" |
| "Hepatitis" | "Inflammation of the liver" |
| "Cholecystitis" | "Inflammation of the gallbladder" |
| "Pancreatitis" | "Inflammation of the pancreas" |
| "Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)" | "Chronic acid reflux" |
| "Peptic ulcer" | "Sore in stomach or duodenum lining" |
| "Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)" | "Chronic inflammation of digestive tract" |
| "Diverticulitis" | "Inflammation of diverticula in colon" |
| "Cirrhosis" | "Chronic liver disease with scarring" |
| "Jaundice" | "Yellowing of skin and eyes due to liver disease" |
| "Dysphagia" | "Difficulty swallowing" |
| "Dyspepsia" | "Indigestion" |
| "Diarrhea" | "Loose |
| "Constipation" | "Difficulty passing stools" |
| "Nausea" | "Feeling of needing to vomit" |
| "Vomiting (emesis)" | "Forceful expulsion of stomach contents" |
| "Gastroscopy" | "Visual examination of the stomach" |
| "Colonoscopy" | "Visual examination of the colon" |
| "Endoscopy" | "Visual examination using an endoscope" |
| "Gastrectomy" | "Surgical removal of stomach" |
| "Colectomy" | "Surgical removal of colon" |
| "Appendectomy" | "Surgical removal of appendix" |
| "Cholecystectomy" | "Surgical removal of gallbladder" |
| "Colostomy" | "Creation of opening from colon to abdominal wall" |
| "Ileostomy" | "Creation of opening from ileum to abdominal wall" |
| "Orthopedics" | "Study of musculoskeletal system" |
| "Orthopedist" | "Specialist who treats bone and joint disorders" |
| "Bone" | "Hard connective tissue that forms skeleton" |
| "Cartilage" | "Flexible connective tissue" |
| "Joint (articulation)" | "Where two bones meet" |
| "Ligament" | "Connects bone to bone" |
| "Osteoporosis" | "Condition of porous |
| "Osteoarthritis" | "Degenerative joint disease" |
| "Rheumatoid arthritis" | "Autoimmune disease causing joint inflammation" |
| "Arthralgia" | "Joint pain" |
| "Osteomyelitis" | "Infection of bone" |
| "Fracture" | "Break in a bone" |
| "Sprain" | "Injury to ligament" |
| "Dislocation" | "Displacement of bone from joint" |
| "Scoliosis" | "Abnormal lateral curvature of spine" |
| "Kyphosis" | "Abnormal posterior curvature of spine" |
| "Lordosis" | "Abnormal anterior curvature of spine" |
| "Osteotomy" | "Surgical cutting of bone" |
| "Arthroscopy" | "Visual examination of a joint" |
| "Arthroplasty" | "Surgical repair of a joint" |
| "Arthrocentesis" | "Surgical puncture to remove fluid from joint" |
| "Vertebra" | "Bone of the spinal column" |
| "Cranium" | "Skull" |
| "Sternum" | "Breastbone" |
| "Rib" | "Curved bone of chest" |
| "Femur" | "Thighbone" |
| "Tibia" | "Shinbone" |
| "Fibula" | "Smaller bone of lower leg" |
| "Humerus" | "Upper arm bone" |
| "Radius" | "Lateral bone of forearm" |
| "Ulna" | "Medial bone of forearm" |
| "Patella" | "Kneecap" |
| "Muscle" | "Tissue that contracts to produce movement" |
| "Skeletal muscle" | "Voluntary muscle attached to bones" |
| "Smooth muscle" | "Involuntary muscle in organs" |
| "Cardiac muscle" | "Involuntary muscle of the heart" |
| "Tendon" | "Connects muscle to bone" |
| "Myalgia" | "Muscle pain" |
| "Myasthenia" | "Muscle weakness" |
| "Myositis" | "Inflammation of muscle" |
| "Muscular dystrophy" | "Genetic disorder causing muscle weakness" |
| "Atrophy" | "Wasting away of muscle" |
| "Hypertrophy" | "Enlargement of muscle" |
| "Strain" | "Injury to muscle or tendon" |
| "Cramp" | "Sudden |
| "Tendinitis" | "Inflammation of a tendon" |
| "Fibromyalgia" | "Chronic condition causing widespread muscle pain" |
| "Electromyography (EMG)" | "Test of muscle electrical activity" |
| "Neurology" | "Study of the nervous system" |
| "Neurologist" | "Specialist who treats nervous system disorders" |
| "Neuron" | "Nerve cell" |
| "Synapse" | "Junction between neurons" |
| "Neurotransmitter" | "Chemical that transmits nerve signals" |
| "Brain" | "Organ that controls body functions" |
| "Cerebrum" | "Largest part of brain" |
| "Cerebellum" | "Part of brain that coordinates movement" |
| "Brainstem" | "Part of brain connecting to spinal cord" |
| "Meninges" | "Membranes covering brain and spinal cord" |
| "Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)" | "Fluid surrounding brain and spinal cord" |
| "Spinal cord" | "Bundle of nerves in vertebral column" |
| "Peripheral nerve" | "Nerve outside brain and spinal cord" |
| "Meningitis" | "Inflammation of the meninges" |
| "Encephalitis" | "Inflammation of the brain" |
| "Neuritis" | "Inflammation of a nerve" |
| "Neuropathy" | "Disease of peripheral nerves" |
| "Epilepsy" | "Disorder characterized by seizures" |
| "Seizure" | "Sudden |
| "Stroke (cerebrovascular accident)" | "Sudden loss of brain function due to lack of blood flow" |
| "Transient ischemic attack (TIA)" | "Temporary stroke symptoms" |
| "Parkinson's disease" | "Progressive neurological disorder affecting movement" |
| "Alzheimer's disease" | "Progressive dementia" |
| "Multiple sclerosis (MS)" | "Autoimmune disease affecting myelin" |
| "Paralysis" | "Loss of muscle function" |
| "Hemiplegia" | "Paralysis of one side of body" |
| "Paraplegia" | "Paralysis of lower body and legs" |
| "Quadriplegia (tetraplegia)" | "Paralysis of all four limbs" |
| "Neuralgia" | "Nerve pain" |
| "Sciatica" | "Pain along sciatic nerve" |
| "Migraine" | "Severe headache" |
| "Electroencephalogram (EEG)" | "Record of brain electrical activity" |
| "Lumbar puncture (spinal tap)" | "Procedure to obtain cerebrospinal fluid" |
| "Craniotomy" | "Surgical opening into the skull" |
| "Endocrinology" | "Study of endocrine system" |
| "Endocrinologist" | "Specialist who treats hormone disorders" |
| "Hormone" | "Chemical messenger produced by endocrine glands" |
| "Pituitary gland" | "Master gland in brain that controls other glands" |
| "Thyroid gland" | "Gland in neck that regulates metabolism" |
| "Parathyroid glands" | "Small glands that regulate calcium" |
| "Adrenal glands" | "Glands on kidneys that produce stress hormones" |
| "Pancreas" | "Gland that produces insulin" |
| "Pineal gland" | "Gland that produces melatonin" |
| "Thymus" | "Gland that produces T-cells" |
| "Ovaries" | "Female glands producing eggs and hormones" |
| "Testes" | "Male glands producing sperm and testosterone" |
| "Diabetes mellitus" | "Disorder of blood sugar regulation" |
| "Type 1 diabetes" | "Autoimmune disease destroying insulin-producing cells" |
| "Type 2 diabetes" | "Condition of insulin resistance" |
| "Hyperthyroidism" | "Overactive thyroid" |
| "Hypothyroidism" | "Underactive thyroid" |
| "Goiter" | "Enlargement of thyroid gland" |
| "Hyperglycemia" | "High blood sugar" |
| "Hypoglycemia" | "Low blood sugar" |
| "Insulin" | "Hormone that lowers blood glucose" |
| "Glucagon" | "Hormone that raises blood glucose" |
| "Cushing's syndrome" | "Condition of excess cortisol" |
| "Addison's disease" | "Condition of insufficient adrenal hormones" |
| "Ophthalmology" | "Study of the eye" |
| "Ophthalmologist" | "Specialist who treats eye disorders" |
| "Optometry" | "Healthcare profession for eye and vision care" |
| "Optometrist" | "Healthcare professional who examines eyes and prescribes corrective lenses" |
| "Cornea" | "Clear front part of eye" |
| "Iris" | "Colored part of eye" |
| "Pupil" | "Opening in center of iris" |
| "Lens" | "Structure that focuses light" |
| "Retina" | "Light-sensitive layer at back of eye" |
| "Optic nerve" | "Nerve transmitting visual information to brain" |
| "Conjunctiva" | "Membrane covering white of eye" |
| "Sclera" | "White outer layer of eye" |
| "Conjunctivitis" | "Inflammation of conjunctiva (pink eye)" |
| "Blepharitis" | "Inflammation of eyelids" |
| "Keratitis" | "Inflammation of cornea" |
| "Glaucoma" | "Condition of increased pressure in eye" |
| "Cataract" | "Clouding of the lens" |
| "Macular degeneration" | "Deterioration of central retina" |
| "Retinopathy" | "Disease of the retina" |
| "Myopia" | "Nearsightedness" |
| "Hyperopia" | "Farsightedness" |
| "Astigmatism" | "Irregular curvature of cornea or lens" |
| "Presbyopia" | "Age-related loss of focusing ability" |
| "Diplopia" | "Double vision" |
| "Amblyopia" | "Lazy eye" |
| "Otology" | "Study of the ear" |
| "Otologist" | "Specialist who treats ear disorders" |
| "External ear" | "Outer part of ear including ear canal" |
| "Middle ear" | "Contains eardrum and ossicles" |
| "Inner ear" | "Contains cochlea and semicircular canals" |
| "Tympanic membrane" | "Eardrum" |
| "Cochlea" | "Spiral structure for hearing" |
| "Otitis media" | "Inflammation of middle ear" |
| "Otitis externa" | "Inflammation of external ear" |
| "Tinnitus" | "Ringing in the ears" |
| "Vertigo" | "Sensation of spinning" |
| "Hearing loss" | "Reduced ability to hear" |
| "Deafness" | "Inability to hear" |
| "Audiometry" | "Test of hearing" |
| "Otoscopy" | "Visual examination of the ear" |
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