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world history unit 4
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Astronomical Chart | A map of stars that improved maritime navigation |
| Cartography | The art of mapmaking |
| Galleons | Spanish trading ships that made round-trip sailing voyages once or twice per year across the Pacific Ocean |
| Joint-Stock Companies | Businesses that sold shares to individuals to raise money for its trading enterprises and to spread the risks and profits among many investors |
| Monopolies | Granted certain merchants or the government itself the exclusive right to trade |
| Sea Beggars | Dutch pirates that used gunpowder in their endeavors |
| Bartholomew Diaz | Sailed around the Cape of Good Hope in 1488 into unknown waters then returned home for fear of a mutiny |
| Christopher Columbus | Navigator who explored the Americas under the flag of Spain |
| Ferdinand Magellan | Portuguese navigator who led the Spanish expedition of 1519-1522 that was the first to sail around the world |
| Henry Hudson | Dutch explorer that sailed up the Hudson River in search of a northwest passage in 1609 |
| Henry the Navigator | Prince of Portugal who established an observatory and school of navigation at Sagres and directed voyages that spurred the growth of Portugal's colonial empire |
| Jacques Cartier | French explorer who sailed from the Atlantic Ocean into the St. Lawrence River and claimed part of Canada for France in 1535 |
| John Cabot | Sailed for England in hopes of finding a northwest passage in 1497 |
| Vasco Da Gama | Landed in India in 1498 and claimed territory for Portugal's empire |
| Northwest Passage | A route through or around North America that would lead to East Asia and the trade there |
| Treaty of Tordesillas | 1494 treaty in which Spain and Portugal divided the Americas between them |
| Omani-European Rivalry | A trade rivalry between traders from Oman and European traders over the Indian Ocean Trade Route that fueled Columbus's search for a new route to India |
| McCartney Missions | The unsuccessful attempt by the British Empire to establish diplomatic relations with the Qing Empire |
| Columbian Exchange | The exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the Americas and the rest of the world following Columbus's voyages |
| Smallpox | Disease brought to the Americas by way of Europeans that was deadly to the native populations |
| Cash Crop | Sellable crop that is grown and gathered for the market such as sugar and tobacco |
| Plantations | The labor intensive agricultural centers of the New World which were implemented by Spain, Britain, and Portugal |
| Engenhos | Portuguese sugar plantations called 'engines' because of the amount of sugar they processed. The working conditions were horrible and the labor force suffered greatly |
| African Diaspora | Africans living outside of Africa (usually as slaves) who retained some aspects of their cultures |
| Transatlantic Slave Trade | Africans captured and sold in the Americas as slaves |
| Middle Passage | The part of the Atlantic Circuit involving the transportation of enslaved Africans across the Atlantic to the Americas |
| Triangular Trade | Atlantic trading system that had three segments which enslaved Africans were transported |
| Chattel Slavery | A system where individuals were considered property to be bought and sold |
| Maritime Empires | Empires such as Spain, Portugal, Great Britain, France, and Holland that were based upon sea travel |
| Conquistadors | Spanish soldiers who conquered parts of the Americas in the 16th century |
| Aztec Empire | An empire in Mexico that was overthrown by Cortes in 1521 |
| Francisco Pizarro | Spanish explorer who conquered the Incas in what is now Peru and founded the city of Lima |
| New Spain | Colony established by Cortes after overthrowing the Aztecs in Mexico |
| New France | French colony in North America along the St. Lawrence River |
| Jamestown | English colony in Virginia that was England's first successful colony in the Americas |
| Quebec | French trading post established in 1608 |
| New Amsterdam | Dutch settlement in the Hudson River Valley that is present-day New York City |
| Hispaniola | Name Columbus gave to the island that is now Haiti and the Dominican Republic |
| Manila | Spanish commercial center of the Philippines that attracted merchants |
| City of Potosí | Located in Bolivia it was one of the richest silver mining centers and most populous cities in colonial Spanish America |
| Samuel de Champlain | French navigator known as 'The Father of New France' who founded New France and Quebec City |
| Atlantic Circuit | The network of trade routes connecting Europe, Africa, and the Americas that underlay the Atlantic system |
| Mercantilism | European government policies designed to promote overseas trade and accumulate precious metals |
| Capitalism | The economic system of large financial institutions that first developed in early modern Europe |
| Commercial Revolution | Transformation to a trade-based economy using gold and silver |
| Price Revolution | The high rate of inflation in the 16th and 17th centuries |
| Charter Companies | Groups of private investors who paid an annual fee for a monopoly over trade |
| Dutch East India Company | Mercantile company chartered by the Dutch to conduct trade missions throughout the East Indies |
| Dutch West India Company | Trading company chartered by the Dutch government to conduct trade in the Americas and Africa |
| Royal African Company | Trading company chartered by the English government to trade on the Atlantic coast of Africa |
| Trading Post Empire | Empire based on small outposts rather than control of large territories |
| Carolina Fur Trade | English fur traders pushed into the interior to compete with French trading networks |
| Port of Luanda | Founded by the Portuguese in 1575, became the center of the slave trade in Brazil |
| Viceroyalty | The highest ranking Spanish officials in the colonies who enjoyed broad power |
| Ana Nzinga | Ruler of Ndongo in south-central Africa that became an ally to Portugal to stop Portuguese slave raids |
| Asante Empire | African kingdom on the Gold Coast that expanded rapidly after 1680 |
| Dahomey | West African kingdom that became strong through exploitation of the slave trade |
| Oyo | African empire that became rich by selling its captives to Europeans |
| Akbar the Great | Mughal ruler remembered for military successes and administrative achievements |
| Maratha Empire | Indian power credited with ending Mughal rule in India |
| Manchus | Federation of Northeast Asian peoples who founded the Qing Empire |
| Ming Dynasty | Chinese empire that experienced economic decline and slowed innovation |
| Amur River | River valley contested between China and Russia |
| Treaty of Nerchinsk | Peace settlement between Russia and Qing China in 1689 |
| Li Chengdong | Qing official who orchestrated massacres against resisting Han Chinese |
| Time of Troubles | Early 17th-century period when foreign forces occupied Moscow |
| Great Northern War | War between Russia and Sweden that gave Russia Baltic access |
| Japanese Trade Decrees | Laws restricting European trade and Christianity |
| Barbary Pirates | North African pirates who captured Europeans and sold them into slavery |
| Iroquois Confederacy | Alliance of five northeastern Native American peoples |
| Metacom's War | Conflict where English colonists used tactics to control Native lands |
| Pueblo Revolt | Revolt of the Pueblo and Apache against the Spanish in New Mexico |
| Gloucester County Rebellion | First recorded slave revolt in what is now the United States |
| Maroon Wars | Enslaved peoples fought to gain freedom |
| Yemelyan Pugachev | Cossack who led a peasant rebellion against Catherine the Great |
| Encomienda | Grant of authority over Amerindians providing labor and goods |
| Mit'a System | Labor obligation requiring Amerindians to work part of the year |
| Indentured Servant | Migrant who worked for a set term to pay passage |
| Manumission | Grant of legal freedom to an enslaved person |
| Plantocracy | Wealthy landowners who owned most slaves and land |
| Primogeniture Laws | Law requiring estates be passed to the eldest son |
| Criollos | People of European ancestry born in the Americas |
| Peninsulares | People born on the Iberian Peninsula |
| Mestizos | People of mixed Amerindian and European descent |
| Mulatto | People of mixed African and European descent |
| Zambos | People of mixed Indigenous and African ancestry |
| Creole | West African languages mixed with European languages |
| Ashkenazi Jews | Jews from central and eastern Europe |
| Sephardic Jews | Jews who trace their heritage back to Spain |
| Syncretism | Combining of different religious practices and beliefs |
| Jesuit Missionaries | Missionaries from the Society of Jesus |
| Matteo Ricci | Jesuit missionary who mastered Chinese language and Confucian classics |
| Puritans | English Protestant dissenters who founded Massachusetts Bay Colony |
| Russian Serfdom | System where peasants were bound to land and labor |
| Boyars | Russian landholding aristocrats |
| Hidalgos | Lesser Spanish nobles of the New World |
| Bartolomé de casas | First bishop of Chiapas in southern Mexico who devoted most of his lfie to protecting Amerindian peoples from exploitation. His major achievement was the New Laws of 1542, which limited the ability of Spanish settlers to compel Amerindians to labor for th |
| Bight of Biafra | The salve trade expanded into this area in the 18th century. Slaves and tradable goods were collected at fairs of a mutiny. |
| Cossack | Peoples of the Russian Empire who lived outisde the farming villages, often as herders, mercenaries, or outlaws. They led the conquest of Siberia in the 16th and 17th centuries. |
| Glorious Revolution | Also called the Revolution of 1688, was the overthrow of King James II of England by a union of English Parliamentarians with the Dutch stadtholder William III of Orange-Nassau |
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