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endocrine vocab
human body systems
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| pinal gland | produces relation and regulates sleep. |
| hypothalamus | A region of the brain that links the nervous system to the endocrine system. It controls the pituitary gland and helps regulate body temperature, hunger, thirst, and hormones. |
| thyroid gland | A butterfly-shaped gland in the neck that produces hormones (T3 and T4) controlling metabolism, energy levels, and growth. |
| pituitary gland | Often called the “master gland,” it releases hormones that control other endocrine glands and regulate growth, reproduction, and metabolism. |
| thymus | A gland located behind the breastbone that helps develop T-cells, which are important for the immune system (most active in childhood). |
| adrenal gland | two glands located on top of the kidneys that produce hormones like adrenaline and cortisol to help respond to stress and regulate metabolism |
| pancreas | An organ that functions as both a digestive organ and an endocrine gland. It releases insulin and glucagon to regulate blood sugar levels. |
| ovary | Female reproductive glands that produce eggs and the hormones estrogen and progesterone. |
| testis | Male reproductive glands that produce sperm and the hormone testosterone. |
| hormone | A chemical messenger produced by glands that travels through the bloodstream to affect specific target cells or organs. |
| endocrine system | The system of glands that produce and release hormones to regulate body processes like growth, metabolism, and reproduction. |
| gland | an organ that produces and releases substances such as hormones into the body. |
| receptor cell | A cell that has specific protein structures (receptors) that bind to certain hormones. |
| target cell | A cell that responds to a specific hormone because it has the correct receptor for it. |
| estrogen | A primary female sex hormone that regulates the menstrual cycle, reproduction, and development of female characteristics. |
| progesterone | A female hormone that prepares the uterus for pregnancy and regulates the menstrual cycle. |
| testosterone | The main male sex hormone responsible for male reproductive development and secondary sexual characteristics. |
| insulin | A hormone produced by the pancreas that lowers blood glucose (sugar) levels by helping cells absorb glucose. |
| cortisol | A stress hormone produced by the adrenal glands that helps regulate metabolism, blood pressure, and the body’s stress response. |
| Adrealine | Also called epinephrine, a hormone that prepares the body for “fight or flight” by increasing heart rate and energy supply. |
| vasopressin | Also called antidiuretic hormone (ADH), it helps regulate water balance in the body and blood pressure. |
| growth hormone | A hormone released by the pituitary gland that stimulates growth, cell reproduction, and cell repair. |
| positive feedback loop | A biological control process in which a change in a condition causes responses that increase or amplify that change. |
| negative feedback loop | A biological control process in which a change in a condition triggers responses that reverse or reduce that change to maintain balance (homeostasis). |
| type 1 diabetes | A disease in which the immune system destroys the insulin-producing cells of the pancreas, causing little or no insulin to be made. |
| type 2 diabetes | A disease in which the body does not use insulin properly or does not make enough insulin, leading to high blood sugar levels. |
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