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Microbio L5
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Genome: | collection of all genetic material |
| Gene: | heritable unit of genetic material |
| Genotype: | genetic makeup |
| Phenotype: | physical traits |
| Genotype determine | phenotype |
| Prokaryote: | usually one circle chromosome |
| Eukaryote: | usually multiple linear chromosomes |
| Central Dogma: | DNA transcripts RNA translates Protein |
| Most important protein: | DNA polymerase!!! |
| DNA polymerase: | main enzyme that copies DNA on the leading and lagging strand. (Basically the one that makes the copy) |
| Step 1: | UNWINDING |
| Step 2: | PRIMING - Primase lays down short RNA primers - DNA needs something to hold onto !!! |
| Step 3: | SYNTHESIS - DNA Polymerase bands to primers, and starts making new DNA! - DNA Polymerase makes a complement (A with T) |
| Step 4: | UNPRIMING - RNA is removed |
| Step 5: | LIGATION - Ligase adds in the one missing bond - Replication is complete! |
| Transcription: | - Making and RNA copy of a gene - Done by RNA polymerase - Highly energetic |
| Transcription takes up a lot of | energy |
| Step 1: TRANSCRIPTION | INITITAION RNA polymerase binds to a promoter sequence on the DNA |
| Step 2: TRANSCRIPTION | ELONGATION - RNA polymerase starts moving forwards, adding ribonucleotides (complementing the template strand) |
| Step 3: TRANSCRIPTION | TERMINATION RNA polymerase hits a termination sequence and falls off the DNA |
| Whats transcription done by? | RNA polymerase |
| mRNA- | Messenger RNA (codons, makes proteins) |
| tRNA- | Transfer RNA (decoding “code”) |
| rRNA- | Ribosomal RNA (the machine that decodes) |
| Translation | - Converting mRNA message into an amino acid chain (protein) - Done by ribosomes and tRNA - Very energetic |
| Step 1: TRANSLATION | INITIATION - Ribosome binds mRNA at the start codon (AUG) (uses codon chart) |
| Step 2: TRANSLATION | ELONGATION - Ribosome moves forward 1 codon (3 bases) at a time - Matching tRNAs come in, link their amino acids into a chain |
| Step 3: TRANSLATION | TERMINATION - Ribosome hits a stop codon - Termination factor enters, forces complex apart - Protein is done! |
| Many proteins are modified when? | post-translationally |
| Monocistronic in | eukaryotes |
| Polycistronic in | prokaryotes MEGA RNA |
| In prokaryotes: translation can start | before transcription is done |
| Whats the point of regulation? | transcription and translation take up so much energy, you dont want to be doing this without a reason4 |
| For regulation: Molecules are sensed by | the cell to see if they should even be doing transcription/translation |
| Inducible Operon: | on/off switch for transcription of a certain gene |
| Who uses operons? | Prokaryotes! |
| Repressible Operon | - The repressor does not bind until forced upon - Biosynthetic. Building up stock pile - Want to build up stock pile |
| Mutation | Any change to the genetic code - Introduce diversity - Could be good, but usually neutral/bad |
| Substitution | Swapping out one nucleotide for another |
| SUB No change= | silent |
| SUB Swap to another= | missense |
| SUB Swap to stop= | nonsense |
| Insertion/Deletion | Adding/removing nucleotides Usually completely garbles the resulting amino acid FRAMESHIFT |
| Can you repair a mutation? | YESSS |
| Horizontal Gene Transfer (HGT) | Passage of genetic material between individuals without reproduction • Common in prokaryotes |
| Transformation | Picking up random floating DNA Cells must be competent (Able to pickup DNA) |
| Conjugation | • Using a special pilus to transfer directly from another cell F factor plasmid F factor integrates into genome, can carry other neighboring genes • HFR strain |
| Transduction | • Bacteriophage (phage): virus that infects bacteria • Phage can pickup and carry DNA to a new cells |
| Which enzyme relieves tension ahead of the replication fork? | Gyrase |
| During transcription initiation, RNA polymerase binds to the: | Promoter sequence |
| An inducible operon is typically activated by: | Absence of enzyme |
| Single-strand binding proteins function to: | Prevent DNA strands from re-annealing |
Created by:
liladdoyle