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3.4 ESS Joe Hudson
3.4 Joe Hudson
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Solar radiation | Energy from the sun that travels through space to Earth as light and heat. |
| Thermal energy | The total heat energy in a substance or system. |
| Heat absorption | When a material absorbs energy and becomes warmer. |
| Heat retention | The ability of a material to hold onto heat over time. |
| Energy in | The amount of solar energy coming into Earth’s system. |
| Energy out | The heat energy that Earth releases back into space. |
| Uneven heating | When different parts of Earth receive different amounts of solar energy. |
| Surface | The outer layer of Earth where land, water, and living things exist. |
| Land cover | What physically covers Earth’s surface (forests, cities, water, ice, grasslands, etc.). |
| Land vs water | Land heats and cools faster than water; water absorbs and retains heat longer. |
| Albedo effect | How much sunlight a surface reflects. Light surfaces (like ice) reflect more; dark surfaces absorb more. |
| Urban heat island | A city area that is warmer than surrounding rural areas because buildings and pavement absorb and retain heat. |
| Atmosphere | The layer of gases surrounding Earth. |
| Troposphere | The lowest layer of the atmosphere where weather happens. |
| Oxygen (O₂) | A gas in the atmosphere that living things need to breathe. |
| Nitrogen (N₂) | The most abundant gas in Earth’s atmosphere. |
| Greenhouse gases | Gases that trap heat in the atmosphere, affecting Earth’s temperature. |
| Water vapor (H₂O) | The most abundant greenhouse gas; part of the water cycle. |
| Carbon dioxide (CO₂) | Released from burning fossil fuels and respiration. |
| Methane (CH₄) | Produced by livestock, wetlands, and fossil fuel production. |
| Nitrous oxide (N₂O) | Released from fertilizers and burning fuels. |
| Hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) | Human-made gases once used in refrigeration; contribute to warming. |
| Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) | Human-made gases used in cooling systems; strong greenhouse gases. |
| Ozone (O₃) | A gas that protects Earth from harmful UV radiation in the upper atmosphere but can act as a greenhouse gas in the lower atmosphere. |
| Weather patterns | Short-term changes in temperature, precipitation, and wind. |
| Climate impact | Long-term effects on Earth’s systems due to temperature and atmospheric changes. |
| Circulation | The movement of air and water around Earth that redistributes heat. |
| Ice core | A cylindrical sample drilled from ice sheets that contains trapped air bubbles from the past. |
| Geologic sample | Rock or sediment samples that provide evidence of Earth’s past climate. |
| Sun | The main source of energy for Earth. |
| Earth | A system where energy flows in and out. |
| Absorbs | Takes in energy. |
| Reflects | Bounces energy away. |
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