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Maddie B. EES 3.5
Maddie Boucher EES 3.5
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Temperature | A measure of how hot or cold something is; it reflects the average kinetic energy of particles. |
| Humidity | The amount of water vapor in the air. |
| Circulation | The large-scale movement of air or water that distributes heat around Earth. |
| Global Winds | Steady winds that blow in consistent patterns across the Earth. |
| Jet Stream | A fast-moving band of air high in the atmosphere that influences weather patterns. |
| Atmosphere | The layer of gases surrounding Earth. |
| Ocean | A vast body of saltwater covering about 71% of Earth’s surface. |
| Air Mass | A large body of air with similar temperature and humidity throughout. |
| Cold Front | The boundary where a cold air mass moves in and replaces warmer air. |
| Warm Front | The boundary where a warm air mass moves in and replaces cooler air. |
| Precipitation | Any form of water that falls from the atmosphere (rain, snow, sleet, hail). |
| Temperature Gradient | The rate at which temperature changes over a certain distance. |
| Hurricane | A large, powerful tropical storm that forms over warm ocean water with strong winds and heavy rain. |
| Thunderstorm | A storm with lightning, thunder, heavy rain, and sometimes hail or strong winds. |
| Convection | Heat transfer through the movement of fluids (liquids or gases), such as warm air rising. |
| Conduction | Heat transfer through direct contact between materials. |
| Radiation | Heat transfer through electromagnetic waves, like energy from the Sun. |
| Pacific Ocean | The largest ocean on Earth, located between Asia/Australia and the Americas. |
| Trade Winds/Easterlies | Steady winds that blow from east to west near the equator. |
| Westerlies | Global winds that blow from west to east in the mid-latitudes. |
| Global Impacts | Effects that influence the entire planet |
| El Niño | A climate pattern where surface waters in the central and eastern Pacific Ocean become unusually warm. |
| La Niña | A climate pattern where surface waters in the central and eastern Pacific Ocean become unusually cool. |
| Warm Ocean Current | A flow of warm water through the ocean that affects nearby climates. |
| Gulf Stream | A warm Atlantic Ocean current that moves from the Gulf of Mexico toward Europe. |
| Coastal Regions | Areas of land near the ocean. |
| Oceanic Conveyor Belt | A global system of deep and surface ocean currents that circulate water around the world. |
| Coriolis Effect | The deflection of moving air or water caused by Earth’s rotation. |
| Heat | Energy transferred from one object to another due to a temperature difference. |
| Wind Belts | Major global wind systems (trade winds, westerlies, polar easterlies). |
| Equator | An imaginary line around Earth at 0° latitude, dividing the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. |
| Poles | The northernmost and southernmost points on Earth (North Pole and South Pole). |
| Ocean Gyres | Large circular ocean current systems caused by global winds and the Coriolis effect. |
| Thermohaline Circulation | Deep ocean circulation driven by differences in temperature (thermo) and salinity (haline). |
| Surface Temperatures | Temperatures at Earth’s surface (land or ocean). |
| Deep Currents | Ocean currents that flow far below the surface, driven by density differences. |
| Regional Climate | The typical weather conditions of a specific area over a long period of time. |
| Temperature Gradient | The rate at which temperature changes over a certain distance. |
| Climate Zones | Regions classified by typical temperature and moisture characteristics of the air masses that form there. |
| Maritime Tropical (mT) | Warm, humid air mass formed over tropical oceans. |
| Maritime Polar (mP) | Cool, moist air mass formed over cold oceans. |
| Continental Tropical (cT) | Hot, dry air mass formed over land in tropical areas. |
| Continental Polar (cP) | Cold, dry air mass formed over land in polar regions. |
| Continental Arctic (cA) | Extremely cold, dry air mass from Arctic regions. |
| Seasons | Periods of the year (spring, summer, fall, winter) caused by Earth’s tilted axis as it orbits the Sun. |
| Sea Breeze | A daytime wind that blows from the ocean toward land. |
| Coastal Fog | Fog formed near coastlines when moist air cools. |
| Hurricanes | Powerful tropical cyclones that form over warm ocean water. |
| Local Climate | The climate of a small, specific area |
| Moisture Content | The amount of water vapor in the air. |
| Land-Sea Breezes | Local winds caused by temperature differences between land and water (sea breeze during day, land breeze at night) |
| Hadley Cells | Large convection cells near the equator where warm air rises and cool air sinks around 30° latitude. |
| Upwelling | The rising of cold, nutrient-rich water from deep ocean to the surface. |
| Downwelling | The sinking of surface water to deeper ocean layers. |
| Earth’s Rotation | The spinning of Earth on its axis, which causes day and night. |
| Atmosphere | The layer of gases surrounding Earth that contains the air we breathe and where weather occurs. |
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