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Chapter 6
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Minimal Brain Injury | A mild or subtle impairment in brain function, usually caused by slight damage or dysfunction in the brain, leading to minor difficulties with attention, learning, behavior, or coordination. |
| IQ-achievement discrepancy | Comparison between scores on standardized and achievement test. |
| Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) | A medical imaging technique that uses strong magnets and radio waves to create detailed pictures of organs and tissues inside the body. |
| Functional magnetic resonance spectroscopy (fMRS) | A brain imaging technique that measures changes in brain chemicals over time to study brain activity and function. |
| Positron-emission tomography (PET) scans | A medical imaging test that uses a small amount of radioactive tracer to show how organs and tissues are functioning, often used to study brain activity, cancer, or heart function. |
| Event-related potentials (ERPs) | A measured brain response that is directly related to a specific sensory, cognitive, or motor event, recorded using EEG. |
| Electroencephalograph (EEG) | A test that records the brain’s electrical activity using small sensors placed on the scalp. |
| Left temporal lobe | The lower left region of the brain involved in language comprehension, speech processing, memory, and understanding sounds. |
| Familiarity studies | Research studies that examine how the brain recognizes and responds to people, objects, or information that it has encountered before. |
| Phonological recoding | The process of converting written letters or words into their corresponding sounds in order to read or remember them. |
| Syntax | The set of rules that governs the structure and order of words in sentences to create meaningful language. |
| Phonology | The study of the sound system of a language, including how sounds are organized, pronounced, and used to convey meaning. |
| Semantics | The study of meaning in language—how words, phrases, and sentences convey ideas and concepts. |
| Pragmatics | The study of how context and social rules influence the way language is used and understood in communication. |
| Dyscalculia | A learning difficulty that affects a person’s ability to understand, learn, and perform mathematical concepts and calculations. |
| Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) | A neurodevelopmental condition characterized by persistent patterns of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity that interfere with daily functioning. |
| Working memory | A cognitive system that temporarily holds and manipulates information needed for reasoning, learning, and problem-solving. |
| Retrieval of information from long-term memory | The process of recalling or accessing information stored in long-term memory for use in thinking, learning, or problem-solving. |
| Executive Functioning | A set of mental skills that help with planning, focusing attention, remembering instructions, and managing self-control and behavior. |
| Self regulation | The ability to manage one’s emotions, thoughts, and behaviors in different situations to achieve goals or respond appropriately. |
| Learning disabilities | Neurologically-based difficulties that affect the ability to acquire, process, or use academic skills such as reading, writing, or math, despite normal intelligence. |
| Locus of control | A psychological concept referring to whether a person believes that outcomes in their life are controlled by their own action or by outside forces like luck or fate. |
| Learned helplessness | A condition in which a person feels powerless to change a situation after repeated exposure to uncontrollable events, leading to passive or defeatist behavior. |
| Self-instruction | A cognitive strategy where a person talks themselves through tasks or problems, using internal dialogue to guide behavior and decision-making. |
| Self-monitoring | The process of observing and regulating one’s own behavior, thoughts, or emotions to achieve goals or adjust to social and situational demands. |
| Scaffold instruction | A teaching method where support is gradually provided to help a learner master a task, then slowly removed as they gain independence. |
| Mnemonics | Memory aids or techniques, such as acronyms or rhymes, that help people remember information more easily. |
| Classwide Peer Tutoring | An instructional strategy where students take turns teaching and quizzing each other under teacher supervision to reinforce learning and improve academic skills. |
| Direct Instruction | A structured teaching approach where lessons are explicitly taught with clear objectives, guided practice, and immediate feedback. |
Created by:
GavinMackie