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INFO MAN FINALS
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What term describes the process of defining an entity hierarchy by identifying lower-level entity sets (subtypes) from a higher-level entity set (supertype) and depicting their arrangement using the "IS-A" approach ? | Specialization |
| What term refers to a specialized version of the supertype that contains unique characteristics of each entity? | Subtype |
| What term refers to a specialized entity that contains unique characteristics distinguishing it from other specialized entities of the same general type? | Specialized Entity |
| What term ensures that a subtype automatically possesses the primary key and all shared attributes and relationships of its supertype? | Specialized Entity |
| t is an extension of the Entity–Relationship (ER) concept that includes specialization, generalization, and inheritance. | Extended Entity Relationship (EER) Model |
| It is a diagram or representation created using EER concepts to visually model a database | Extended Entity Diagram |
| What is the process of creating more detailed and accurate database models that represent complex real-world situations, often involving techniques like generalization and aggregation? | Data Model |
| It is a technique that groups related entities together to simplify complex model | Entity Clustering |
| It is the most important attribute of an entity because it uniquely identifies each record in a table. | Primary key |
| It is an artificial, system-generated identifier that is used primarily for unique record identification, especially when the natural candidate key is too long, complex, or contains embedded semantic content. | Surrogate Primary Key |
| One of the Guidelines for Choosing a Good Primary Key where every value must be unique; no two records can share the same PK value. | Uniqueness |
| One of the Guidelines for Choosing a Good Primary Key where a primary key cannot be empty. | Not Null |
| One of the Guidelines for Choosing a Good Primary Key where primary keys and foreign keys work together to create relationships between tables? | Works with FKs |
| One of the Guidelines for Choosing a Good Primary Key where to avoid intelligent or descriptive values? | No Semantic Meaning NSM |
| What are the WHERE condition parameter. | =, >, <, >=, <=, <>, LIKE, BETWEEN, IN, AND, OR, NOT |
| What are the Aggregate Functions? | COUNT(), SUM(), AVG(), MIN(), MAX() |
| What are the SELECT Statement? | most commonly used SQL command. |
| What are the SELECT STATEMENTS Command? | SELECT ORDER BY DISTINCT LIMIT/OFFSET GROUP BY HAVING WHERE (S OB D LO G H W) |
| SQL command is used with GROUP BY to get rows with specific data logic? | HAVING |
| SQL command is used to apply conditional data filtering | WHERE |
| SQL command is used to sort the result-set in either ascending or descending order? | ORDER by |
| SQL command is used to remove duplicates upon data retrieval? | DISTINCT |
| A category of SQL that is used to manage the structures of a database, like creating or deleting tables? | Data Definition Language (DDL) |
| It consists of commands specifically used to manage and manipulate the data stored within database tables. | Data Manipulation Language (DML) |
| What is the language used to communicate with and manipulate databases? | Data Manipulation Language (DML) |
| A Command that is used to remove all data from a table. | TRUNCATE |
| A Command that is used to retrieve the data from a table. | SELECT |
| It is used to prevent duplicate records based on a combination of columns. | UNIQUE Constraint (Composite Unique Constraint) |
| It automatically removes dependent records when the referenced primary key is removed | UNIQUE Constraint (Composite Unique Constraint) |
| It specifies the parent table and column that the foreign key depends on. | REFERENCES |
| It is a named rule applied to a table to enforce data integrity | Constraint |
| What structure stores data in rows (records) and columns (attributes)? | Table |
| It evaluates and corrects table structures to minimize data redundancies, It works through a series of stages? | Normalization |
| Data Modeling Checklist, where you check if the same value appears many times, normalization may be needed. | Redundancy Check |
| Data Modeling Checklist, where you check if a table answers more than one question, it should be split. | Single Subject Rule |
| Data Modeling Checklist, where Good design allows data changes to be made once without affecting many rows | Minimal Redundancy Rule |
| Data Modeling Checklist. Where a good database should be readable and understandable by other developers. | Clarity Rule |
| Clear, consistent, and meaningful names for Tables and Columns | Evaluate Naming Conventions |
| Each column should store only one piece of information. | Refine Attribute Atomicity |
| Values that can be calculated from other data (age, total | Evaluate using Derived Attributes |
| Databases should tell the story of the past, not just the present | Historical Data Rule |
| What is the term for the process of correcting table structures to achieve minimal data redundancy in a database? | Normalization |
| What is the next NF that requires all non-key attributes to be fully dependent upon the entire primary key. | Second Normal Form (2NF) |
| What level of Normal Forms is the stricter version of 3NF. | Boyce-Codd Normal Form (BCNF) |
| What level of NF are specifically designed to address and handle complex multi-valued dependencies in a DB | Fourth Normal Form (4NF) |
| Data anomaly wherein we can’t add new data to a table as a required piece of other data is missing. | Insertion Anomaly |
| Data anomaly that requires a user to change or modify the same data item in multiple records or rows across a table, leading to potential inconsistencies if the update is not carried out completely. | Update Anomaly |
| What are the 3 types of Data Anomalies | Insertion Anomaly Update Anomaly Deletion Anomaly |
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