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Exam 1
Physics
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Physics | The study of universal phenomena |
| What do we get from Ancient Greek Theories? | Each sphere rotates at a uniform rate around Earth, roughly once a day |
| Aristotle | Earth is spherical - ship sinking little by little - northern lands, noontime sun is lower in sky - shadow cast by Earth on the moon, observed during eclipse, is spherical |
| Why did Greeks change their initial theory? | Observations show that Mars generally moves from West to East at a variable rate, occasionally changing direction (retrograde motion) |
| Aristarchus' Theory | Sun at the center |
| Epicycle Theory | Planets move in circles within circles (loop-the-loops) around Earth |
| Copernicus' Theory | Planets moved in simple circles around the sun |
| Retrograde Motion | The planet appears to move backwards on the sky as Earth overtakes the plant in its orbit |
| What did Galileo do? | observed the phases of Venus |
| Tycho Brahe | After 20 years of observations, he found that neither Ptolemy nor Copernicus was right |
| Kepler's 1st Law | The orbital paths of the planets are elliptical (not circular) with the sun at one focus |
| Kepler's 2nd Law | Planet moves faster when closer to the sun |
| How many laws does Kepler have? | 3 |
| Eccentricity | e, is o for a circle and 1 for a line |
| Astronomical Unit | the average distance between Earth and the Sun |
| What does gravity do to the sun? | Our sun wobbles because of the influence of the plants' gravitational pull |
| Is the sun a star? | The sun is just one star out of a large number of stars |
| What is a gigantic group of stars called? | A galaxy |
| What galaxy is ours? | The Milky Way, we are about 2/3rds of the way out from the center |
| The most significant difference between the astronomical theories of Ptolemy and Copernicus is? | Ptolemy's theory is Earth-centered, whereas Copernicus's is sun-centered |
| What is the closest planet to the sun? | Mercury |
| What similarity did Copernican and Ptolemaic theories of the solar system have? | Both agreed with the experimental facts |
| What describes the status of Copernican and Ptolemaic theories after Tycho Brahe's observation? | Showed both theories to be incorrect |
| What did Democritus think? | That we can smell odors |
| Brownian Motion | Evidence of Atoms |
| Chemical elements | Hydrogen, Helium Oxygen, Sodium, Neon |
| Chemical Compounds | Water, Carbon Dioxide, Sodium Chloride |
| Solids | self-defined volume, self-defined shape atoms locked in their positions packed close together |
| Liquids | self-defined volume, takes shape of container atoms packed pretty close atoms can slide past each other |
| Gas | shape and volume of container not tightly packed atoms move around |
| Ernest Rutherford's gold foil experiment | discovered the nucleus |
| Planetary Model of the Atom | Ernest Rutherford most of the atom is just empty space protons neutrons and electrons |
| Charge interaction | like charges repel, opposite charges attract |
| neutral | number of electrons = number of protons in the nucleus |
| ion | an atom that carries a net charge has either an excess or a deficiency in the number of electrons it contains |
| Nucleus | has protons and neutrons |
| Atomic number | # of protons in the nucleus |
| Isotope | atoms with the same number of protons, but a different number of neutrons |
| Pauli Exclusion Principle | each orbit has a maximum number of electrons that it can hold |
| What is always the heaviest? | Water |
| Which ancient Greek proposed a sun- centered theory? | Aristarchus |
| When Earth overtakes another planet in its orbit and the other planet appears to move backwards for a time, what is the apparent motion called? | Retrograde Motion |
| Who originated the idea that planets go in ellipses around the sun? | Kepler |
| By noting that ships drop below the horizon as they go out to sea, ancient Greeks such as Aristotle knew that | the Earth was round |
| Who observed the phases of Venus and showed that they were incompatible with an Earth-centered universe? | Galileo |
| Who made very accurate measurements that contradicted both Ptolemy’s theory and Copernicus’s theory? | Tycho Brahe |
| A sulfur atom weighs twice that of an oxygen atom. What is the ratio of the weight of sulfur to oxygen in sulfur dioxide, SO2? | 1 to 1 |
| How many atoms are in a molecule of sugar, C6H12O6? | 24 |
| According to the planetary model, an atom is | made of protons, electrons, and neutrons. |
| An isotope is? | an atom with the same number of protons, but a different number of neutrons |
| An atom’s atomic number is | the number of protons in its nucleus. |
| Atoms are | mostly empty space. |
| Who discovered the nucleus by bombarding a piece of gold foil with alpha particles? | Ernest Rutherford |
| The radius of the Earth at the equator is about 6400 km. Expressed in scientific notation, this is | 6.4 x 10^3 km. |
Created by:
jengastrubbe