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A&P 1
(3) Brain (4.11-4.18)
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| what are the 2 parts of the brain stem | midbrain, hindbrain |
| what does the midbrain consist of | cerebral peduncles, corpora quadrigemina |
| what are cerebral peduncles | main motor/sensory connection between forebrain and hindbrain |
| what does the corpora quadrigemina include | 2 superior colliculi, 2 inferior colliculi |
| what are the 2 superior colliculi for | visual reflex centers |
| what are the 2 inferior colliculi for | impulses on the way to primary auditor cortex, deals with reflexes that occur when head must be turned to hear clearly |
| what does the hindbrain include | pons, cerebellum, medulla oblongata |
| true or false: projection fibers pass through the pons | true |
| what does the pons contain | pontine respiratory center- assists respiration |
| the cerebellum coordinates... | the contractions of skeletal muscles |
| cerebellum receives information from | motor cortices: regarding beginning movement vestibular apparatus (inner ear): regarding balance proprioceptors (muscles and joints): indicate amount of muscle contraction and joint movement eye: visual information of what body is doing |
| true or false: cerebellum coordinates force/direction/strength of muscle contraction to maintain posture and smooth, coordinated movements | true |
| what stores memories of learned patterns and movements and sends out programmed demands | cerebellum |
| what are the 2 dysfunctions of the cerebellum | dysmetria, intention tremor |
| what is dysmetria | person cant automatically regulate amount of muscular contractions and joint movement |
| what is intention tremor | shaking becomes more intense the closer one gets to objective |
| true or false: the medulla oblongata contains several important nuclei that control reflex activity associated with smooth and cardia muscle | true |
| what does medulla oblongata contain | cardiac center: controls heart rate vasomotor center: controls dilation of blood vessels medullary rhythmicity center: regulates rate of breathing vomiting, swallowing, coughing, sneezing centers |
| the anterior surface of the medulla oblongata has 2 ridges known as | pyramids |
| what are pyramids | where neurons supplying skeletal muscles cross over to opposite side of body |
| what are the brain systems | the reticular formation, the limbic system, the amygdala, the nucleus basalis |
| the reticular formation maintains brain in an alert state via the | reticular activating system (RAS) |
| what does RAS do | filters weak, common, repetitive sensations (99% of sensations) |
| RAS is inhibited by sleep centers found in the | hypothalamus |
| ___ is associated with awake state, ___ is associated with sleep | norepinephrine, serotonin |
| if reticular formations is damaged, result is | unconsciousness |
| what does the limbic system include | parts of the hippocampus, amygdala, hypothalamus, thalamus, and fornix |
| true or false: the limbic system is the primitive emotional brain | true |
| does the limbic system communicate with prefrontal cortex | yes, emotions override logic and logic can control emotions |
| the limbic system plays an important role in establishing | memory |
| what is the hippocampus | responsible for short term memories. if reinforced, they are sent to cortex for long term storage |
| true or false: the hippocampus determines if information should be stored or discarded | true |
| the hippocampus produces | norepinephrine and serotonin- essential for printing memories |
| what does synaptic fatigue do | limits ones attentions span |
| what happens if hippocampus is damaged | anterograde amnesia will occur (cant form short term memories) |
| true or false: hippocampus is involved in recall of facts and events (working memory) | true |
| what is the amygdala | facilitates long term memory, helps recognize fear and express the fear response |
| what is the nucleus basalis | monitors sensory data and increases activity if sensation is good, sends "take note" directions to decide if long or short term memory |
| the nucleus basalis deteriorates during | Alzheimer's disease |
| what is Alzheimer's disease charactered by | presence of neurofibrillary tangles and formation of senile plaques |
| what are plaques | axons, microglia cells, astrocytes wrapped around a waxy, translucent beta-amyloid protein |
| what is beta-amyloid | fragment of larger, incorrectly cut protein, coded by a gene on chromosome #21 that accumulates in cortex an hippocampus |
| what are the signs of Alzheimer's disease | loss of language skill, memory loss of recent events, personality changes |
| what are the 3 cranial meninges | dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater |
| where is the dura mater (tough mother) | outermost of the meninges |
| what are the 2 fused layers of the dura mater | periosteal layer and meningeal layer |
| do the Dural sinuses have 2 fused layers | no |
| what is the periosteal layer | equivalent to internal periosteum of skull bones, it adheres to bones of skull and stops at foramen magnum |
| what are Dural sinuses | cavities that collect blood from brain and CSF |
| where are the 3 extensions of the meningeal layer | 1 separates the 2 cerebral hemispheres, 1 separates the 2 cerebellar hemispheres, 1 separates cerebellum from cerebral hemispheres |
| where is the arachnoid mater (spider mother) | middle meninges |
| what does the arachnoid mater consist of | a serous membrane like layer that secretes serous fluid into the subdural space and dips into the longitudinal fissure |
| what is the subarachnoid space filled with | CSF that escapes from 4th ventricle via medial and lateral apertures, and contains delicate CT strands that extend from arachnoid into space |
| what are arachnoid villi | extend from arachnoid into the Dural sinuses so CSF can be reabsorbed |
| true or false: CSF is reabsorbed at the same rate it is generated in ventricles | true |
| where is the pia mater (fine mother) | innermost meninges, adheres to surface of brain |
| what does the pia mater consist of | vascular membrane consisting of blood vessels and areolar CT that dibs into folds on surface of brain |
| what does the pia mater form | choroid plexuses |
| what are choroid plexuses | clusters of capillaries that protrude through medial wall of lateral ventricles and roofs of 3rd and 4th ventricle |
| what are the capillaries in choroid plexuses covered by | ependymal cells |
| what do plexuses secrete | CSF |
| true or false: tight junctions between ependymal cells create barrier that makes CSF formation selective | true |
| true or false: BP of 160-170 can distended tight junctions and breech CSF barrier | true |
| what does CSF provide | 1. protection and buoyancy for brain 2. specialized, chemically stable environment for brain and spinal cord 3. nutrients and waste removal |
| flow of CSF | fluid generated in ventricles exits via lateral and medial apertures. apertures drain fluid into subarachnoid space where CSF circulates around brain + spinal cord until reabsorbed via the arachnoid villi that extend into the Dural sinuses |
| what is hydrocephalus | blocked flow of CSF generates pressure that causes brain to swell |
| what is meningitis | inflammation of the meninges |
| what is meningitis caused by | microbial infection (bacterial or viral) |
| what is meningitis commonly limited to | the pia mater and arachnoid mater |
Created by:
katiew0