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chem life/bio mole
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The chemical reactions that take place in a cell, as compared to the chemistry in nonliving matter, primarily occur | between carbon-based molecules. |
| Two atoms held together solely by ionic bonds are referred to as a(n) | salt |
| How many bonds are made by a carbon atom? | 4 |
| A molecule with a lot of polar covalent bonds is likely to | be highly soluble in water. |
| Which of the following is UNLIKELY to be hydrophilic? | a molecule with primarily nonpolar covalent bonds |
| A base is a molecule that will ___________ a proton in water. | accept |
| Ionic bonds are ___________ than covalent bonds and are ___________ common in cells. | weaker; less |
| Which of the following occurs by bringing nonpolar surfaces together to exclude water? | hydrophobic forces |
| Which of the following is an inorganic compound? | table salt (e.g., NaCl) |
| Which of the following chemical groups could confer nonpolar/hydrophobic characteristics on the region of a molecule in which it is found? | methyl groups (-CH3) |
| Long polymers are made from single subunits in cells using a ___________ reaction, which ___________ water. | condensation; releases |
| Which of the following is a role that sugars can play outside of their role in energy production and storage? | formation of support structures |
| What is the name used for a molecule in which two carbons of glycerol are attached to fatty acid chains, and the third carbon is attached to a phosphate group? | phospholipid |
| Which way do the fatty acid tails of a phospholipid face in a cell membrane? | toward each other |
| All amino acids have which of the following chemical groups in common? | carboxyl group |
| Amino acids with side chains that contain −COOH groups, like those shown below, would be ___________ in the aqueous environment of a cell. | acidic |
| Covalent bonds in macromolecules are primarily important for | linking together monomers. |
| Strong and specific associations between macromolecules or between an enzyme and its substrate are due to | many weak noncovalent bonds. |
| The atomic number of an element is determined by the number of: | protons |
| A substance that minimizes changes in pH is called a: | buffer |
| The maximum number of electrons in the outermost shell of most biologically important elements is: | 8 |
| Cohesion in water molecules is responsible for: | Surface tension Water moving up a plant stem Ice floating on water |
| A molecule of water (H₂O) contains: | Two covalent bonds |
| Which type of bond is the weakest? | Hydrogen bond |
| Isotopes of an element differ in their number of: | Neutrons |
| A covalent bond is formed when: | Electrons are shared between atoms |
| An ionic bond is formed when: | Electrons are transferred from one atom to another |
| Which of the following is a property of water that is important for life? | High specific heat capacity Cohesion and adhesion Acts as a universal solvent |
| Hydrogen bonds form between water molecules because: | Water is polar with partial positive and negative charges |
| On the pH scale, a solution with a pH of 3 is: | Acidic |
| Which of the following elements is NOT one of the four most abundant in living organisms? | Sodium |
| The ability of water to moderate temperature is due to its: | High specific heat |
| The acronym CHNOPS represents the six elements that make up approximately 95% of the body weight of organisms. Which element is NOT part of CHNOPS? | Calcium |
| Amino acids are composed of which elements? | CHONS |
| The covalent bond that joins amino acids together to form polypeptides is called a: | Peptide bond |
| Which of the following is NOT a function of proteins? | Genetic information storage |
| Dehydration synthesis is the process by which: | Monomers are joined together to form polymers |
| Noncovalent bonds contribute to: | The three-dimensional structure and function of macromolecules |
| Glycoproteins and glycolipids are examples of: | Molecules modified by the addition of carbohydrates |
| Carbohydrates are composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in what ratio? | 1:2:1 |
| The covalent bond that joins monosaccharides together to form disaccharides and polysaccharides is called a: | Glycosidic bond |
| Which disaccharide is formed from the monomers glucose and fructose? | Sucrose |
| Glycogen, starch, and cellulose are all polymers of glucose, but they have different structures due to differences in: | The type of glycosidic linkages |
| Which characteristic is shared by all lipids? | They are hydrophobic |
| A nucleotide is composed of three components. Which of the following is NOT a component of a nucleotide? | Amino group |
| Which molecule serves as the primary energy currency in cells? | ATP |
| The covalent bond that connects nucleotides in nucleic acids is called a: | Phosphodiester bond |
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