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Bio 200 Unit 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| fertilization | sperm + egg = zygote |
| ploidy | number of sets of chromosomes in nucleus |
| events of fertilization | 1. recognition + contact between sperm and egg 2. regulation of sperm entry to prevent polyspermy 3. activation of quiescent egg 4. fusion of 2 haploid pronuclei from sperm + egg |
| gametes | produces in gonads, produced by meiosis and cytokinesis |
| meiosis | special type of division of nucleus, reduces chromosome number by 1/2 |
| egg | large, non-motile reproductive cell, fuses with sperm, provides nutrients + molecules to support early development of zygote into embryo |
| egg jell coat | 3 key components - GAGs, sulfated polysaccharides, SAPS |
| GAGs | large polysaccharides, attract and hold water, protect from dehydration |
| Sulfated polysaccharides | in egg jelly coat, attract and activate sperm, may be species specific |
| SAPs | in egg jelly coat, attract and activate sperm, may be species specific |
| cell membrane | phospholipid bilayer, has pumps, channels, and receptors, highly specialized, microvilli facilitate sperm entry |
| vitelline layer | fibrous glycoprotein mat, attached to cell membrane, receptor proteins on surface, facilitates sperm/egg binding via bindin protein receptors, forms protective fertilization envelope |
| cytoplasm | contains all typical organelles, G-actin, microfilaments |
| G-actin | protein, forms microfilaments, lots in egg cortex |
| microfilaments | polymers of g-actin |
| egg cytoplasm | contains specialized materials, yoke glycoproteins, morphogen, cortical vesicles |
| yoke glycoproteins | provide nutrition to egg |
| morphogen | molecules that direct cell specialization |
| cortical vesicles | 15,000 per egg, below membrane, membrane bound sacs, contain GAGs, enzymes, hyaline |
| hyaline | large adhesive protein |
| sperm | small, motile reproductive cell, find and fuses with egg of same species, delivers haploid nucleus to egg |
| sperm head | contains nucleus, acrosomal vesicle, pool of g-actin, cell membrane |
| acrosomal vesicle | large membrane bound sac, contains bindin protein and enzymes that digest egg jelly |
| sperm midpiece | contains mitochondria for energy, centrioles/microtubule organizing center |
| microtubule | polymer of tubulin |
| sperm tail | contains array of microtubules, sliding of Mts past each other leads to tail bending and swimming |
| chemotaxis | movement in response to chemical gradient |
| acrosome reaction | increase in calcium concentration triggers exocytosis of acrosomal vesicle to dump contents to outside, increase pH leads to polymerization of g-actin to form microfilaments |
| fertilization envelope | slow, permanent block of polyspermy |
| cell cycle | interphase, mitosis, cytokinesis |
| interphase | majority of cell's life, stages - G1, S, G2 |
| G1 | interphase, basic metabolism and growth, prep for S phase |
| S phase | interphase, synthesis of DNA in nucleus is replicated |
| G2 | interphase, cell continues growing, prep for mitosis |
| mitosis | division of genetic material - nucleus divides, resulting in 2 genetically identical daughter nuclei |
| cytokinesis | division of cytoplasm, creates 2 genetically identical daughter cells |
| genetic material | chromosomes, packed to fit in nucleus - chromatin and condensed chromosomes |
| chromatid | relatively loose, thread-like, uncondensed, most of cell cycle |
| condensed chromosomes | tightly folded, twisted configuration during mitosis |
| mitosis stages | prophase, pro metaphase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase |
| prophase | replicated chromosomes condense, mitotic spindle starts to form |
| prometaphase | nuclear envelope breaks down, Mts of spindle bind to centromeres via protein disc-kinetochore, chromosomes pushed and pulled by spindle Mts |
| metaphase | MTs have aligned chromosomes on midline, halfway between spindle poles |
| anaphase | separase enzyme digests protein connections between sister chromatids, spindle Mts pull sister chromatids apart, each chromatid is a chromosome, Mts shorted to pull chromosomes to poles |
| telophase | nuclear envelope forms, spindle disassembles, chromosomes decondense, 2 genetically identical nuclei |
Created by:
abby.c.chan