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IPHY 1600
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| intracellular fluid (ICF) vs extracellular fluid (ECF) | intra: fluids found inside the cells extra: fluid found outside the cells |
| interstitial fluid (ISF) | fluid found between other cells; eg. plasma is the fluid found between blood cells |
| Homeostasis | maintenance of a relatively constant internal environment |
| setpoint | regulated variable allowed to vary within limits |
| stimulus | regulated variable deviates from normal range |
| receptor | monitors regulated variable (setpoint) |
| integrating center | evaluates all inputs, sends instructions (to effector) |
| effector | structure that fixes the problem |
| negative feedback vs positive feedback | negative reduces effect/eliminates original stimulus eg. human body temp. Positive feedback reinforces original stimulus eg. oxytocin released during childbirth |
| superior vs inferior | upper vs lower |
| anterior (ventral) vs posterior (dorsal) | front vs back |
| medial vs lateral | toward midline vs away from midline |
| proximal vs distal | toward or nearest the trunk of the body or nearest the point of origin on one of its parts vs away from or farthest from the trunk or the point of origin of a body part |
| superficial vs deep | nearer the surface; farther away from the body surface |
| frontal plane | divides the body into anterior and posterior portions |
| transverse plane | divides the body into superior and inferior parts |
| sagittal plane | vertical division of the body into right and left portions |
| midsaggital vs parasaggital | exactly at midline vs not at midline |
| carbohydrates | made of C,H,O (1:2:1); hydrophilic (soluble in water) |
| monosaccharides | simple sugars (glucose, fructose, galactose) |
| disaccharides | two monosaccharides (sucrose, lactose, maltose) |
| polysaccharides | three or more monosaccharides (glycogen, starch, cellulose); generally used in energy storage or cell surface |
| lipids | made of C,H,O, but mostly H and C; hydrophobic (not water soluble); energy storage; fats and oils |
| phospholipids | glycerol bounded to two fatty acids (fatty acid hydrophobic tails) with hydrophilic head ; most abundant component of cell membranes |
| steroids | four ring structure, component of cell membrane (cholesterol, testosterone, estrogen) |
| proteins | polymer of amino acids (polypeptides); amino group (NH2), carboxyl group (CO2H), R group (20 diff); complex shape allows combination with molecules, have thousands of functions in the body |
| peptide | chain of amino acids bonded together |
| denaturation | loss of normal shape of a protein due to heat or other factor |
| nucleic acids | polymers of nucleotides (DNA and RNA); have nitrogenous base, |
| adenosine triphosphate (ATP) | nucleotide; most important energy transfer molecule; (ATP+H20 => ADP+Pi+Heat+Work) |
| cell | smallest living unit, 10 micrometers across (limited by diffusion); can be long and narrow |
| plasma membrane | phospholipid bilayer and membrane proteins, selectively permeable |
| microvilli | permanent; projections that increase the cell's surface area and absorption |
| cillia | permanent; propel ECF along cell surface |
| pseudopods | temporary; engulf microbes |
| desmosomes | tightly hold cells together |
| tight junctions | prevent diffusion across tissue |
| gap junctions | passageway from one cell to another |
| Cytoplasm | interior of cell |
| cytoskeleton | rod like protein structures inside cell, providing support and movement |
| microtubules | trackway for transport of materials to and from center of cell |
| intermediate filaments | extend across cell to prevent it from being torn apart by tension |
| microfilaments | concentrated just below plasma membrane; consists of actin; interacts with myosin to produce shape |
| nucleus | contains DNA; controls cell activity through gene expression; mRNA synthesizes with DNA |
| ribosomes | synthesize proteins using mRNA as a template |
| endoplasmic reticulum ER | network of channels; makes cell products |
| vesicles | transport materials around, in, and out of cell |
| golgi complex | packages products from ER and sends to destinations using vesicles |
| lysosomes | destruction of materials |
| mitochondria | ATP production |
| energy for transport (non-water methods) | concentration gradient; electrical gradient; ATP |
| simple diffusion | solute moves via concentration gradient through phospholipid bilayer; only gases and lipids (hydrophobic) |
| vesicular transport | transport of large molecules via vesicle using ATP, either into (endocytosis) or out (exocytosis; caused by Ca++ entering cell) |
| facilitated diffusion | channel and carrier; channel permits water and ions and forms tube for solute to pass through; carrier permits ions/small molecules; concentration gradient; no ATP |
| primary active transport | carrier only; transports ions; uses ATP directly from cell |
| secondary active transport | carrier only; uses ATP indirectly from cell's solute; permits ions and small hydrophilic molecules |
| energy for transport (water) | concentration gradient; hydrostatic pressure |
| osmosis | diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane; water via concentration gradien(low to high sol.); solute MUST be non permeating; travels either via channel or intercellular clefts of capillary |
| filtration | hydrostatic pressure pushes plasma out of blood into ISF through intercellular clefts; only in blood vessels |
| toncity | form of osmosis that can affect cell shape and volume |
| hypertonic solute | solute concentration greater outside than inside cell, causes water to leave cell; cell shrinks |
| hypotonic solute | solute concentration less outside than inside cell, causes water to enter cell, cell expands |
| isotonic solute | solute inside and outside is equal; water doesn't move |
| anabolism | build up of larger cells; energy used |
| catabolism | break down of larger cells; energy released |
| glycolysis | occurs in cytosol of cell; glucose ---> pyruvate |
| aerobic | occurs in mitochondria; pyruvate ---> citric acid cycle ---> ETC produces h20 w/ o2; electrons carried from citric acid cycle and glycolysis generate ATP |
| anaerobic | occurs in cytosol; no o2 to accept electrons so ETC stops; pyruvate ---> lactate which uses up electrons from carriers; less ATP produced |
| mitosis | cell divides to produce two cells identical to itself; used in growth and replacement of tissue; 2n --> 2n + 2n |
| meiosis | cell divides into four daughter cells, each with half # of chromosomes as original cell, each is unique; only used in sex cells (gametes); 2n ---> n + n + n + n |
| connective tissue (CT) | contain few cells; mostly extracellular matrix --> determines type of tissue; ECM contains fibe+ground substance |
| collagen fibers | strong; resists tension force; found in dense regular and irregular tissue and bone |
| reticular fibers | delicate network of fibers; found in reticular tissue |
| elastic fibers | stretch and recoil |
| ground substance | mostly water (exception with bone which has mostly Ca salt); plasma (blood); isf (other CT) |
| areolar CT | consists of fibroblasts(secrete ECM) and fibrocytes(maintain ECM); lots of ground substance (few fibers); attached to basement membrane of all epithelia; blood vessels |
| reticular CT | lots of reticular fibers; found in immune system structures (lymph nodes); blood vessels |
| adipose CT | consists of adipocytes (fat cells); for nrg storage; blood vessels |
| dense regular CT | all collagen fibers are parallel; few cells; resists tension in 1 direction; (tendons and ligaments); blood vessels |
| dense irregular CT | collagen randomly arranged; (dermis); blood vessels |
| cartilage CT | very flexible and resilient; strong against both compression and tension forces; chondroblasts/cytes; NO blood vessels |
| bone CT | ground substance (calcium salts; some water); collagen fibers; osteoblasts/cytes; resists compression forces; blood vessels |
| blood CT | large amount of ECM (plasma-->mainly h20); NO blood vessels |
| epithelium | lines body cavities & other body surfaces |
| simple | each cell is attached to basement membrane |
| stratified | 2 or more layers; only the basal layer is directly attached to basement membrane |
| squamous | flat |
| cuboidal | 3 equal dimensions |
| columnar | tall |
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