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Endocrine Vocab
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Pineal Gland | a pea-sized conical mass of tissue behind the third ventricle of the brain, secreting a hormone-like substance in some mammals. |
| Hypothalamus | a small but vital almond-sized region at the base of the brain, located below the thalamus and above the pituitary gland |
| Pituitary Gland | a pea-sized "master gland" at the base of the brain |
| Thyroid Gland | a butterfly-shaped endocrine gland in the neck |
| Thymus | a specialized primary lymphoid organ of the immune system located in the upper chest behind the breastbone |
| Adrenal Gland | small, vital endocrine glands sitting atop each kidney |
| Pancreas | a large gland behind the stomach which secretes digestive enzymes into the duodenum. |
| Ovary | a pair of small, almond-shaped female reproductive glands located in the pelvis on either side of the uterus |
| Testis | an organ which produces spermatozoa (male reproductive cells). |
| Hormone | chemical messengers produced by glands in the endocrine system that travel through the bloodstream to tissues and organs |
| Endocrine System | a network of glands and organs that produce, store, and release hormones directly into the bloodstream to regulate vital bodily functions |
| Gland | an organ in the human or animal body which secretes particular chemical substances for use in the body or for discharge into the surroundings. |
| Receptor Cell | specialized integral transmembrane proteins embedded in the plasma membrane |
| Target Cell | cells receptive to specific signals like hormones |
| Estorgen | a group of essential sex hormones |
| Progesterone | a vital steroid hormone produced in the ovaries, adrenal glands, and placenta that prepares the uterus for pregnancy, regulates the menstrual cycle, and supports early gestation |
| Testosterone | a vital sex hormone, primarily produced in men's testicles and women's ovaries/adrenal glands |
| Cortisol | a vital steroid hormone produced by the adrenal glands |
| Adrenaline | a hormone secreted by the adrenal glands, especially in conditions of stress, increasing rates of blood circulation, breathing |
| Vasopressin | a peptide hormone produced in the hypothalamus and released by the pituitary gland to regulate water retention, blood pressure, and renal function |
| Growth Hormone | a crucial protein hormone produced by the pituitary gland that stimulates growth in children and maintains body structure and metabolism in adults |
| Positive Feedback Loop | a process that amplifies or reinforces a change in a system, driving it further away from its initial state |
| Negative Feedback Loop | a self-regulating biological or mechanical mechanism that maintains stability (homeostasis) by reversing, reducing, or counteracting changes in a system |
| Type 1 Diabetes | a chronic autoimmune condition where the immune system destroys insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas |
| Type 2 Diabetes | a chronic condition where the body resists insulin or fails to produce enough, causing high blood sugar |
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