Strength of Association

the magnitude of the relationship; stronger associations are less likely to be explained by bias or confounding

means that the association is observed repeatedly across different populations, settings, times, and study designs, making it more credible

originally implied that a single cause leads to a single effect,(less applicable to modern multifactorial diseases). in the context of diagnostic testing, specificity also means the probability that a truly non-diseased individual tests negative.

is the probability that an individual with the disease tests positive, and positive and negative predictive values represent the probabilities that positive and negative test results reflect true disease status

requires that the exposure occurs before the disease develops and is the only criterion that must be present for causation

Biological Gradient/Dose-response relationship

suggests that higher levels of exposure should be associated with higher levels of disease risk

indicates that the causal interpretation should be consistent with existing biological or mechanistic knowledge

means the observed association should not conflict with what is known about the disease’s natural history and biology

Experimental Evidence

supports causation when reducing or removing exposure leads to a decrease in disease incidence

refers to drawing comparisons to similar established cause and effect relationships

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Bradford Hill

Term	Definition
Strength of Association	the magnitude of the relationship; stronger associations are less likely to be explained by bias or confounding
Consistency	means that the association is observed repeatedly across different populations, settings, times, and study designs, making it more credible
Specificity	originally implied that a single cause leads to a single effect,(less applicable to modern multifactorial diseases). in the context of diagnostic testing, specificity also means the probability that a truly non-diseased individual tests negative.
Sensitivity	is the probability that an individual with the disease tests positive, and positive and negative predictive values represent the probabilities that positive and negative test results reflect true disease status
Temporality	requires that the exposure occurs before the disease develops and is the only criterion that must be present for causation
Biological Gradient/Dose-response relationship	suggests that higher levels of exposure should be associated with higher levels of disease risk
Plausibility	indicates that the causal interpretation should be consistent with existing biological or mechanistic knowledge
Coherence	means the observed association should not conflict with what is known about the disease’s natural history and biology
Experimental Evidence	supports causation when reducing or removing exposure leads to a decrease in disease incidence
Analogy	refers to drawing comparisons to similar established cause and effect relationships

Created by: user-2024542

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