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Judicial II 2.5/3.11
Vocabulary from Florida Benchmark SS.7.CG.2.5/SS.7.CG.3.11
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Civil trial process | one party (plaintiff) sues another (defendant) for harm, typically seeking money damages or specific actions, not imprisonment. It involves filing a complaint, gathering evidence (discovery), and a trial to resolve non-criminal disputes. |
| Criminal trial process | a formal court proceeding where the government (prosecution) presents evidence to a judge or jury to prove "beyond a reasonable doubt" that an accused person (defendant) committed a crime resulting in jail time, fines, or other punishments |
| Jury | ordinary citizens from the area ("jury of peers") selected to hear evidence in a case, apply the law as explained by a judge, and deliver an impartial verdict on the facts, determining guilt/innocence in criminal trials or responsibility in civil cases |
| Grand Jury | group of citizens that investigates potential crimes and decides if there's enough evidence (probable cause) for prosecutors to bring formal criminal charges (an indictment); they act as a check on government power |
| Jury summons | official order sent by mail requiring a citizen to appear for potential jury duty at a specific date, time, and location. It is a mandatory legal notice for selecting jurors for civil/criminal trials. Ignoring summons can result in fines/legal penalties |
| Verdict | final, official decision made by a jury or judge at the end of a trial, determining if a person is guilty in a criminal case/liable in a civil case. It is the formal judgment, often based on evidence, that concludes a legal proceeding, and can be appealed |
| Voir dire | preliminary questioning of prospective jurors by judges or attorneys to identify bias and ensure an impartial jury. It is the essential process of selecting a fair jury by uncovering personal prejudices, prior knowledge, or conflicts of interest |
| Marbury v Madison (SCOTUS case) | Supreme Court case that set up the modern/current day practice of judicial review (the courts power to determine constitutionality) |
| Dred Scott, Pless v Ferguson, and Brown vs Board of Ed (SCOTUS cases) | Supreme Court cases that strengthened slavery (Dred Scott), created segregation in the South (Plessy), and then made the practice of segregation illegal (Brown) |
| Gideon v Wainright; Miranda v Arizona, and In re Gault (SCOTUS cases) | Supreme Court cases that set the right to an attorney for defense in state trials (Gideon), forced the reading of all Constitutional rights during arrest (Miranda) and promised due process for juveniles (Gault) |
| Hazelwood v Kuhlmeier (SCOTUS case) | Supreme Court case decision that said school officials can censor student publications if their actions are reasonably related to legitimate educational concerns. |
| US v Nixon (SCOTUS case) | Supreme Court case decision that no one, including the President, is above the law and that he/she cannot claim executive privilege during a criminal investigation |
Created by:
CivicsDAOF