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Disease Biases
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Allocation bias (selection) | bias introduced when participants are not assigned to study groups using proper randomization, leading to unequal baseline characteristics between groups |
| Attrition bias (selection) | systematic error caused by differences in dropout or loss to follow-up between study groups, which can distort results if those who leave differ from those who stay |
| Baader–Meinhof (non-epi) | A cognitive bias in which increased awareness of a concept leads to the false impression that it is occurring more frequently; not a true change in disease frequency. |
| Berkson's bias (selection) | bias where a false, often negative, association is found between two independent, unrelated factors (e.g., two diseases or traits) because the sample is conditioned on a common effect, such as hospital admission |
| Channeling bias (confounding) | where patients are not randomly assigned, but rather "channeled" into specific treatment groups based on their risk factors or health status, masking the true benefits or harms of a drug |
| Confounding (confounding) | a distortion of the true association between an exposure and a health outcome caused by a third, extraneous variable (the confounder) |
| Confounding by indication (confounding) | when treatment choice is related to outcome risk |
| Diagnositic suspicion bias (Information) | when knowledge of exposure affects diagnosis |
| Differential misclassification bias (Information) | Misclassification of exposure or outcome that differs between study groups, which can bias results toward or away from the null |
| Ecological Fallacy (non-epi) | The error of drawing conclusions about individuals based on aggregate or group-level data |
| Effect modification (interaction) | occurs when the effect of an exposure differs by level of another variable; unlike confounding, it is a true biological phenomenon that should be reported, not adjusted away |
| Hawthorne Effect (Information) | from behavior change due to awareness of being studied |
| Healthy worker effect (selection) | when workers are healthier than the general population |
| Incidence-prevalence (Neyman) bias (selection) | when rapidly fatal or quickly recovered cases are missed |
| Instrument bias (Information) | systematic error arising from faulty, poorly calibrated, or inconsistent measurement tools or data-collection instruments, leading to inaccurate or biased measurements. |
| Interviewer bias (Information) | when interviewers influence responses |
| Lead-time bias (Information) | making early detection appear to prolong survival |
| Length-time bias (Information) | from screening detecting slower diseases more often |
| Lindley’s paradox (non-epi) | A statistical paradox in which a hypothesis test shows statistical significance while Bayesian analysis favors the null hypothesis, often in large samples |
| Loss to follow-up bias (selection) | when dropouts differ from those who remain |
| Misclassification bias (Information) | from incorrect exposure or disease status (differential or nondifferential) |
| Non-differential misclassification (Information) | Misclassification of exposure or outcome that occurs equally across comparison groups, generally biasing results toward the null |
| Nonresponse bias (selection) | when nonparticipants systematically differ from participants |
| Observer bias (Information) | when investigators’ expectations affect measurements |
| Overdiagnosis bias (non-epi) | when screening finds disease that would not cause symptoms or death |
| Performance bias (Information) | bias that occurs when study groups receive different levels of care, attention, or treatment outside of the intervention being tested, often due to lack of blinding |
| Publication bias (non-epi) | Bias arising when studies with statistically significant or positive findings are more likely to be published than those with null or negative results. |
| Pygmalion effect (Information) | A phenomenon in which researchers’ or observers’ expectations influence participants’ behavior or outcomes |
| Recall bias (Information) | when cases remember exposures differently than controls |
| Recall-decay bias (Information) | from fading memory |
| Reporting bias (Information) | when participants misreport behaviors |
| Residual confounding (confounding) | from incomplete adjustment |
| Sampling bias (ascertainment bias) (selection) | from non-representative samples |
| Simpson's paradox (non-epi) | is a phenomenon in probability and statistics in which a trend appears in several groups of data but disappears or reverses when the groups are combined |
| Social desirability bias (Information) | from giving socially acceptable answers |
| Surveillance or detection bias (Information) | when one group is monitored more closely |
| Survivor bias (selection) | when only survivors are observed |
| Undercoverage bias (selection) | Bias that occurs when some members of the target population are inadequately represented or excluded from the sample. |
| Voluntary bias (selection) | Bias that occurs when individuals who choose to participate in a study differ systematically from those who do not, affecting representativeness |
| Volunteer or self-selection bias (selection) | when volunteers differ from non-volunteers. |
| Selection bias (overarching category of bias) | a systematic error occurring when the study population does not accurately represent the target population due to improper selection procedures |
| Information bias (overarching category of bias) | a systematic error resulting from incorrect measurement, classification, or recording of data regarding exposure, outcomes, or covariates |
| Confounding bias (overarching category of bias) | a distortion of the true association between an exposure and an outcome caused by a third, extraneous variable (the confounder) |
| Non-epi bias (overarching category of bias) | catch all for other types of bias |
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