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SPAUD Unit 3
Phonation
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Phonation | Voicing - the production of sound by the vibration of the vocal folds Source of voice for speech |
| Respiration | source of energy for speech |
| Biological functions of the larynx | Prevents air from escaping the lungs - do this in thoracic fixation Prevents foreign substances from entering the larynx - vocal folds shut Forcefully expels foreign substances which threaten to enter the larynx or trachea - coughing |
| Things to do if larynx has issues to be able to speak | Electrolarynx Voice prosthesis Esophageal speech |
| Adductions | Folds brought together |
| Abductions | Folds pulled apart |
| True folds and false folds | True folds are located above the false folds |
| parts of the supportive structure of the larynx | Hyoid bone Hyoid muscles Ligaments |
| Hyoid bone | Only bone that doesn't articulate with any other bone in the body Moves the larynx |
| Horn | In the hyoid bone Greater - Looks like horns lesser - little horn next to body and greater |
| corpus of hyoid bone | Middle section |
| Median ridge | Right in the middle of entire bone |
| Transverse ridge | Ridge going transversely along body of hyoid bone |
| hyoid muscles | Geniohyoid Thyrohyoid omohyoid sternothryroid sternohyoid |
| Geniohyoid | Chin to hyoid bone - on top of mylohyoid function - elevate hyoid bone or depress mandible for swallowing |
| Thyrohyoid | Extrinsic Hyoid to thyroid function - pull thyroid cartilage up or pull hyoid bone down |
| Omohyoid | from shoulder to hyoid two bellies - superior and inferior function - pulls hyoid bone down |
| Sternothyroid | Extrinsic thyroid to sternum function - pull thyroid cartilage down |
| Sternohyoid | Hyoid to sternum function - pulls down hyoid bone for swallowing |
| Cartilages of the larynx | 1 Thyroid (hyaline) 1 Cricoid (hyaline) 2 Arytenoid (hyaline) 2 Corniculate (elastic) 1 Epiglottis (elastic) 2 Cuneiform (elastic) |
| Which type of cartilage ossifies easily | Hyaline cartilage |
| Laminae (thyroid) | Main "plates" of cartilage on the thyroid |
| Thyroid notch | The notch in the thyroid |
| Thyroid prominence | part that juts out in the notch - makes the adam's apple |
| superior thyroid cornu | horn that connects to the hyoid |
| Inferior thyroid cornu | horn that connects to the cricoid |
| Oblique line | Line that all the muscles connect to |
| Triticieal cartilage | Little piece b/w the horns of hyoid and thyroid |
| Angle of thyroid | Where the laminae connect to each other |
| How the thyroid angle differs in men and women | Men's is a smaller angle, making it stick out more which is why men's adam's apples are more prominent than women's Men - 90 degrees ish Women - 120 degrees ish |
| Arch - cricoid | Shortest side |
| Superior cricoid notch | Notch at the top of the tallest side |
| Articular facet for the thyroid cartilage (Cricoid) | On sides of cricoid, where the thyroid cartilage connects |
| Articular facet for arytenoid cartilage | On the top back/taller side of cricoid where the arytenoids connect |
| Cricoid lamina | Main part of cartilage on the cricoid |
| Cricoid | most inferior cartilage of larynx - sits on the trachea |
| Apex of arytenoid | Tip below the corniculate cartilage |
| triangular fovea | Divot/depression on the back - toward inside of arytenoid |
| vocal process | On the back of arytenoid going into vocal fold |
| Muscular process | lateral process on arytenoid |
| vocal ligament | between cricoid and arytenoid |
| Corniculate cartilages | 2 of them - little hats on top of the arytenoids |
| Cuneiform cartilages | In the aryepiglottic folds Paired, rod shaped Elastic cartilage |
| Epiglottis | Made of elastic cartilage |
| Aryepiglottic fold | Superior to the vocal folds |
| True vocal fold | under false vocal folds From thyroid angle to vocal process of arytenoids Do the vibration |
| False vocal fold | above true vocal folds Made up of mucus membrane and ventricular ligament Not very strong - flaccid Move with arytenoids Attach from angle of thyroid to triangular fovea |
| valleculae | Little pockets/valleys between rood of tongue and epiglottis that can catch food before it goes into esophagus |
| Lateral glossoepiglottic fold | from the sides of the epiglottis to the pharyngeal wall |
| Median glossoepiglottic fold | in the middle - from the base of the tongue to the epiglottis |
| Cricoarytenoid joint | "Saddle joint" Cricoid articular facet to arytenoid articular facet function - open and close the vocal folds by twisting and rocking - abduct and adduct them |
| cricothyroid joint | "Pivot joint" inferior horn on articular facet is pivot point function - tensing and lengthening vocal folds to change pitch |
| Extrinsic laryngeal membranes | attach the larynx to something outside the larynx Responsible for support of the larynx and moving it |
| 2 Hyothyroid membrane and ligaments | Middle hyothyroid ligament Lateral hyothyroid ligament |
| hyoepiglottic ligament | where hyoid and epiglottis meet (membrane between) |
| thyroepiglottic ligament | Where thyroid and epiglottis meet (membrane between) |
| Cricotracheal membrane | membrane between cricoid and trachea Just before first tracheal ring |
| Intrinsic Laryngeal membranes + ligaments | interconnect the laryngeal cartilage Help regulate the extent and direction of their movement Responsible for control of sound production |
| Elastic membrane | divided into upper and lower parts in the intrinsic laryngeal membranes and ligaments - covers everything |
| Quadrangular membranes | Upper part Everything above true vocal folds Ventricular ligaments Aryepiglottic folds |
| Conus elasticus | Lower part Everything below false vocal folds medial cricothyroid ligament Two lateral cricothyroid membranes Vocal ligament |
| Mucus membrane of the larynx | Stratified squamous epithelium Some parts - Columnar epithelium |
| Spaces outside/adjacent to the larynx | Aditus laryngis Pyriform sinus |
| Interior spaces in the larynx | Supraglottal space - Ventricle - Vestibule Subglottal spaces |
| Ventricle | In the supraglottal space Space between false and true vocal folds - anterior pouch with 60+ mucus glands for vocal folds |
| Vestibule | Everything in supraglottal space above the false vocal folds |
| Subglottal space | Everything below the glottis |
| Anterior of true vocal folds | Where they stay together |
| Posterior of true vocal folds | Where they diverge |
| Thyroarytenoid muscles | Make vocal folds vibrate Separated into two things: thyrovocalis and thyromuscularis main mass and muscle of vocal folds function - adductors, tensors, and relaxers (not abductors) origin - angle of thyroid Insertion - vocal process of arytenoids |
| What laryngitis or smoking does to vocal folds | Makes them look darker or redder |
| Glottis | Opening between the vocal folds |
| Thyrohyoid membrane and ligament | Space between the thyroid and the hyoid |
| Thyroepiglottic ligament | Where the root of the epiglottis meets the thyroid |
| aditus laryngis | Entrance to the larynx |
| Pyriform sinus | Space along side of the larynx - lateral to the aditus laryngis Food can go down it to get into the esophagus |
| Digastric | Anterior belly and posterior belly function - raise hyoid bone, important for swallowing |
| Anterior belly digastric | hyoid bone to mandible |
| Posterior belly digastric | hyoid bone to mastoid process |
| stylohyoid | Styloid process to hyoid function - pulls hyoid bone up and back for swallowing |
| Mylohyoid | hyoid bone to mandible like a "v" function - elevate hyoid bone or pull down mandible for swallowing |
| infrahyoid | Below hyoid |
| Thyrovocalis | more inner part of thryoarytenoid muscle involved in tensing, also adductor |
| thyromuscularis | involved in relaxing, also adductor |
| cricoarytenoids | posterior and lateral |
| posterior cricoarytenoids | origin - posterior of cricoid insertion - muscular process of arytenoid Function - abductor for vocal folds (only abductor) |
| lateral cricoarytenoids | origin - arch of cricoid insertion - muscular process of arytenoid function - adducts vocal folds and helps. relax vocal folds - helps us whisper |
| arytenoid muscles | transverse and oblique |
| transverse arytenoid muscles | cover whole back of arytenoids origin - lateral side of one arytenoid insertion - lateral side of ather arytenoid function- adducts vocal folds |
| Oblique arytenoid muscles | diagonally along arytenoids origin - muscular process of one arytenoid insertion - apex of other arytenoid Function - adduct vocal folds |
| cricothyroid muscle | cricoid to thyroid vertical and oblique function - tensor for vocal folds - moves cricothyroid joint to change pitch |
| vertical cricothyroid muscle | origin - arch of cricoid insertion - thyroid lamina |
| oblique cricothyroid muscle | origen - arch of cricoid insertion - thyroid inferior horn |
| Stroboscopy | Takes pictures of vocal folds to get one full vibration cycle |
| Bernoulli effect | Given a constant volume of air or fluid at a point of constriction, there will be - a decrease in the air pressure perpendicular to the flow - an increase in velocity of the flow - molecules flatten - air is pushing so it has to keep going |
| Adduction + abduction vs. vibration | Muscles adduct and abduct the vocal folds while vibration happens because of mechanics of vibration and the Bernoulli effect |
| What Bernoulli's principle explains about the vocal folds | Why the folds come back together - there is less pressure at the point of constriction so they want to go back together |
| Mechanics of Vibration | Vibration depends on the elasticity and stiffness of the object elastic - can be pulled (stiffness makes it want to go back) |
| Laryngeal adjustments | Medial compression Longitudinal tension |
| Medial compression | Force with which vocal folds are brought together at the midline |
| Longitudinal Tension | Extent of the tensing/lengthening of vocal folds (thyrovocalis and cricothyroid) |
| Frequency | The number of complete vibrations per unit time (how fast) |
| Pitch | The psychological correlate of frequency (how our brains hear and understand frequency) - As frequency goes up, pitch goes up |
| Optimal pitch | vocal fold vibration that is best for someone based on how elastic their folds are |
| Fundamental frequency | The average rate of vocal fold vibration during sustained phonation (# of vocal fold vibrations during a certain time) |
| Average fundamental frequencies (men, women, and children) | Men - 120 Hz Women - 230 Hz Children - 250 Hz |
| Pitch changing mechanisms | Change the mass per unit of length Length of vocal folds Tension of vocal folds - As length and tension increase, so does pitch |
Created by:
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