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Special Populations
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is Health Disparities? | Preventable differences in the burden, disease, injury, violence, or in opportunities to achieve optimal health experienced by socially disadvantaged racial, ethnic, and other population groups and communities. |
| Health Equity | Recognizes that each person has different circumstances and allocates the exact resources and opportunities needed to reach an equal outcome. |
| Health Inequities | Are systematic, avoidable, and unjust |
| Socioeconomic Status | The social standing or class of an individual or group |
| Types of Health Disparities | Race, ethnicity, socioeconomic statues, geographic location, age, disability, LGBTQ+ |
| Equality | Giving everyone the same thing |
| Equity | Giving everyone what they need to succeed |
| Strategies to reduce health disparities | Policy changes, education and awareness, community engagement, healthcare system, data and research, and improving access to care |
| Policy Changes | Expanding health care and insurance, increase funding, support public health initiatives |
| Education and Awareness | Improving health literacy, public awareness campaigns |
| Community Engagement | Community health programs, Local partnerships |
| Healthcare system | Increase workforce diversity, developed integrated health care models, quality improvement practices |
| Data and Research | Monitor health disparities, Fund targeted research |
| Improving Access to Care | Expanding Health services, Mobile clinics and Transportation services |
| What is health? | A state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmary |
| What are “social determinants of health”? | circumstances in which people are born, grow up, live, work, age & the systems put into place to deal with illness |
| 5 Key Domains of SDOH | Education access and quality, healthcare access and quality, neighborhood and built environment, social and community context, and economic stability |
| Impact of SDOH | Economic stability, neighborhood, education, food, community & social context, and healthcare systems |
| Health Outcomes | Mortality, life expectancy, health care expenditures, health status, and functional limitations |
| Social Determinants of Health | Housing, food, education, transportation, violence, social support, employment, and health behaviors |
| Vesico-Vaginal Fistula | Medical exploitation of enslaved black women |
| Federal Indian Boarding Schools | Designed to culturally assimilate American Indian, Alaska Native and Native Hawaiian children by forcibly removing them from their families and communities |
| Federal Indian Boarding Schools | Loss of life, loss of territories, and loss of wealth |
| The Emancipation Proclamation | The Proclamation declared the end of Slavery in the Confederacy |
| American Eugenics and the Forced Sterilization of Women of Color and Low-Income Women | “To preserve racial integrity” – sought to “purify the white race” |
| The Flexner Report | Report funded by the American Medical Association and the Carnegie Foundation to assess the state of medical education in Canada and the US. and recommended to close 5/7 established medical schools that primarily trained Black physicians |
| Untreated Syphilis Study at Tuskegee | Contributed to mistrust of researchers and the healthcare system and increased mortality among Black men due to decreased use of healthcare services |
| Title V Maternal and Child Health Block Grant Program | Focused on addressing the impact of poverty on maternal and child health following the Great Depression |
| Hospital Survey and Construction Act (Hill-Burton Act) | Provided grants and loans to build public hospitals in high need areas, many facilities in the South used Hill-Barton funds which disallowed blatant discrimination against Black patient, and continued the narrative of “separate but equal” |
| HeLa Line | Scientists at John Hopkins Hospital took and used samples of cancerous cells for medical research without her or her family’s knowledge or consent |
| Establishment of the Indian Health Services (IHS) | Federal government fulfill its trust responsibility to provide healthcare to AIAN people, IHS is not health insurance, has been historically underfunded, and unable to meet their health care needs |
| Medicare | Nationwide health insurance program for adults age 65 and older and adults with disabilities |
| Medicaid | Joint federal-state health insurance program for certain low-income adults and children and long-term care program for adults 65 and older and adults with disabilities |
| The Heckler Report | A government-led national comprehensive study on the health status of people of color |
| Emergency Medical Treatment and Active Labor Act (EMTALA) | Required hospital emergency department that accepts Medicare payments to provide appropriate medical screening examinations and stabilization services to anyone seeking treatment for medical conditions regardless of citizenship, immigration status |
| Biomedical Model | Focus solely on biological and psychological factors in diagnosing and treating disease |
| Biomedical Model Limitations | Limits treatment of person's poor health almost exclusively to medicinal remedies, linear reductionist model of causation, doesn’t account for patient's experience, doesn’t consider that the patient-clinician relationship influences medical outcomes |
| George Engel | Believed that one needed to understand patient suffering and to give them a sense of being understood, and offered a holistic alternative |
| Biopsychosocial Model | Positing those biological, psychological, and social factors, all play a significant role in health and disease |
| Biopsychosocial Model | Positing those biological, psychological, and social factors, all play a significant role in health and disease |
| Biological | Age, gender, genetics, physiologic reactions, tissue health |
| Sociological | Interpersonal relationships, social support dynamics, socioeconomics |
| Psychological | Mental health, emotional, mental, beliefs & expectations |
| Strengths to Model | Provides a holistic approach to health, promotes personalized treatment, and encourages preventative care |
| Sociological | Interpersonal relationships, social support dynamics, socioeconomics |
| Criticisms of BPS Model | Lack of clarity and structure, lack of unity, complexity, and resource limitations |
| Strengths to Model | Provides a holistic approach to health, promotes personalized treatment, and encourages preventative care |
| Limitations to Model | Difficult to measure the impact of psychological and social factors, requires collaboration, and treatment plans based on the biopsychosocial model can be complex |
| Criticisms of BPS Model | Lack of clarity and structure, lack of unity, complexity, and resource limitations |
| Limitations to Model | Difficult to measure the impact of psychological and social factors, requires collaboration, and treatment plans based on the biopsychosocial model can be complex |
| Nature | Biological/Genetic Factors Are the Primary Drivers of Health Disparities |
| Nurture | Social/Environmental Factors Are the Primary Drivers of Health Disparities |
| What Is the Life Course Approach? | A framework for understanding how health develops across the entire lifespan, from conception to death, recognizing that exposures and experiences at each life stage influence health trajectories. |
| Core Principles | Timeline, multiple determinants interact, timing and sequencing matter, cumulative effects are important, and intergenerational transmission occurs |
| Critical Period | A specific developmental window when an exposure has its strongest effect on health and development - or sometimes its ONLY effect |
| Health Gap | Health indicators & lost life expectancy, recommended best practices vs. actual care, and healthcare access barriers |
| Six Major Factors to Health Gap | Insufficient insurance coverage, healthcare staffing shortages, stigma and bias in medicine, transportation & work barriers, language and literacy barriers |
| Strategies for Bridging Health Gaps | Identify social determinant barriers, improve health literacy, advocate for policy change, and engage in patient outreach |
| Medicare | Insurance for Seniors and Disabled |
| Medicare: Part A | Covers inpatient hospital, skilled nursing, hospice. Premium-free for most |
| Medicare: Part B | Covers doctor visits, outpatient care |
| Medicare: Part C | Private insurance alternative. May offer extra benefits but restricts networks |
| Medicare: Part D | Covers medications. Optional add-on sold by private insurers |
| Premium | Monthly payment for coverage, regardless of usage |
| Copayment | Fixed amount per service |
| Out-of-Pocket Max | Maximum you pay yearly; after this, insurance pays 100% |
| Deductible | Amount you pay before insurance starts covering most services |
| Coinsurance | Percentage you pay after deductible |
| Network | Contracted providers; out-of-network care costs more |
Created by:
dania105