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Bio 111 exam 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Uniformitarianism | slow processes could generate large effects given enough time (proposed by Charles Lyell) |
| Examples of uniformitarianism and what does it prove? | formation of canyons, limestone creation (proves that the earth is much older than 5,000 years old) |
| Homology and some examples | characteristics shared/inherited to a common ancestor (ex bones in the arms of humans, cats, whales, etc. are all similar) |
| Descent with modification | there was a common ancestor (on Galapagos islands) and then species differentiated (lots of variation) |
| What is the natural selection pattern? | descent with modification |
| what is special about Darwin's finches? | there was a common ancestor in South America that diverged (which is why they have different beaks) |
| What do you need to have natural selection happen (criteria) | variation among INDIVIDUALS in some phenotype, non-random differences in survival of fertility, and some of the variation is heritable |
| evidence for evolution | phylogenetic trees (shows species diverging), Galapagos Island and Australia have related species (just in different locations because of Pangea) |
| Gradualism | differences among organisms evolve by innumerable small steps through intermediary forms |
| Populational Speciation | some individuals adapt to a new environment better than others (population slowly changes to favor a trait) this drives evolution |
| Emergent Property | a system that cannot be predicted or explained from antecedent conditions |
| Proximate questions | how or mechanistic questions- what is the genetic variation/biochemical pathways that lead to the observed variation? |
| Ultimate questions | the why questions- how did mutation, natural selection, and evolution bring about one behavior over another? |
| hard sciences | highly measurable and predictable |
| soft sciences | complex systems involving organisms, behavior, or societies where full control is difficult |
| stabilizing selection | traits that are really well adapted |
| directional selection | where the mean changes (one extreme trait is favored, whole population's average shifts in one direction over time |
| disruptive selection | both extreme traits are favored, average trait is selected against |
| Life histories have two stages | 1) living to reproduce 2) finding a mate (appropriate) |
| 4 principles of natural selection | |
| NS acts on... | individuals, but its consequences are within populations |
| NS acts on p... | phenotypes, but evolution consists of changes in gene frequency |
| NS is... | backward, not forward-looking. cannot anticipate future conditions |
| NS is... | directed, purposeful but not progressive |
| Sexual selection | individuals compete for mates, leading to traits that enhance reproductive success rather than just survival |
| Investment difference of males and females | |
| 1) | Gamete size (isogamy and anisogamy) |
| 2) | Parental Care |
| Intrasexual Selection | members of the same sex compete with each other to gain access to mates |
| Male-mate competition | aggressive, visual signaling, acoustic signaling |
| Sexual dimorphism | physical differences between males and females of the same species |
| Female Monopolization | one male controls access to one or more females, preventing other males from mating with them |
| Sperm Competition | sperm of multiple males compete to fertilize the same female's eggs (adaptive suicide) dying in the act of mating |
| Parental Investment | how much time, energy, and risk a parent puts into raising offspring |
| Parental Care | sex role reversal in giant water bugs (females lay their eggs on the male's back, and they carry the eggs until they hatch) |
| What do females choose? | good parenting, resources, safe sex (more resistant to parasites), arbitrary characters, and "good" genes |
| Female choice and direct benefits | female strategies that increase male investment into offspring |
| Female choice | prolong courtship before mating, territory quality, nupital gifts, safe sex hypothesis |
| Nupital gifts | stealing insects out of webs, then female determines whether or not to mate with the male depending on insect size |
| Safe Sex hypothesis | females prefer males with lower parasite loads (because offspring would inherit that trait) |
| Cross-fostering | offspring raised by non-biological parents to increase variation |
| What does El Nino do | affects the galapagos islands. many more males in the galapagos; females don't necessarily change, males change tremendously |
| El Nino survival | largest males don't survive because resources get low (natural selection takes over). Females generally survived (El Nino) |
| Kin Selection | behaviors evolve because they increase the reproductive success of relatives, even if they reduce the individual's own fitness |
| Evolution by natural selection requires... | reproduction, heritability of a trait, variation in reproductive success |
| The Resolution (Hamilton) | genes are the vehicles of evolution, NOT individuals. traits that pass on the most gene copies are favored by selection. the number of identical gene copies is GREATEST in close relatives |
| What favors the evolution of eusociality? | cost to helper< relatedness * benefit to receiver. Low cost favors eusociality, high relatedness favors eusociality, high benefit favors eusociality |
| Inclusive Fitness | includes direct and indirect fitness |
| direct fitness | through personal reproductive success |
| indirect fitness | through reproductive success of relatives |
| What conditions favor the evolution of eusociality? | 1) genetic hypothesis (haplodiploidy) males are haploid, females are diploid 2)ecological constraints |
| Eusocial | highest level of social organization in animals (cooperative care, overlapping generations, reproduction division of labor |
| cooperation (mutualism) | fitness gain for both participants |
| Altruism | when an individual incurs a cost to itself to benefit another individual |
| Selfishness | instigator gains benefit, other individual pays cost (opposite of altruism) |
| Spite | both individuals suffer a fitness cost |
| Why do we care about eusocial species? | we are social beings, self-organized, social organisms have huge economic and agricultural impacts, ecologically important |
| Haplodiploid sex determination | sisters raising sisters profit more (in genetic terms) than if they raised their own daughters |
| Phylogeny | haplodiploidy evolved much earlier than eusociality |
| Ecological Constraints | anything that makes it less likely that an individual could reproduce successfully alone |
Created by:
madalynes