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Middle East
Terrorism/Arab Spring
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| causes of Arab Spring in Bahrain | political repression, religious inequality (Sunni - government vs Shia - citizens), lack of democracy/corruption |
| leader of Bahrain during Arab Spring | King Hamad bin isa Al-Khalifa |
| why is the movement called Arab Spring | "spring" means hope and renewal, something people in the Middle East hoped for in their governments, borrowed from "Prague Spring" |
| groups involved in Bahrain | February 14th Youth Coalition (peaceful protestors), the crown prince/government |
| methods of protest during Arab Spring | social media (brought international awareness, helped people organize protests), marches, peaceful protests, sit-ins, strikes, petitions |
| Pearl Roundabout protest | occured in Bahrain, citizens flooded the streets around a statue that symbolizes peace, hoped this would draw attention to their cause (was a large gathering and location symbolized their desires) |
| international involvement in Bahrain | Saudi Arabia supported the government and the UN took little to no action to help citizens |
| start of revolution in Bahrain | February 2011 |
| effects of Arab Spring in Bahrain | entered a state of emergency, no civil war but many deaths/imprisonments due to government brutality and suppression of protests |
| causes of Arab Spring in Egypt | government corruption and high police brutality |
| leaders of Egypt during Arab Spring | President Hosni Mubarak was overthrown by protests then replaced by Morsi through an election (harshly enforced Sharia law) who was then removed by the government and replaced with General el-Sisi (dictator, current) |
| groups involved in Egypt | Muslim Brotherhood (terrorist group that pushed for Sharia law & election of Morsi/removal of Mubarak), April 6th Youth Movement (organized protests) |
| start of revolution in Egypt | January 2011 |
| international involvement in Egypt | no countries, but social media brought a lot of awareness to their cause |
| causes of Arab Spring in Libya | government corruption, inspired by other Arab countries, suppressive dictatorship |
| leader of Libya during Arab Spring | Gaddafi, had a bad relationship with the U.S. (thought he sponsored terrorism) |
| international involvement in Libya | NATO intervened as well as the UN supported rebels and created a no-fly zone to prevent airstrikes |
| effects of Arab Spring in Libya | leader was overthrown and killed, armed conflict/civil war broke out and currently is in a ceasefire, very unstable |
| start of revolution in Libya | February 2011 (after Bahrain) |
| causes of Arab Spring in Tunisia | government corruption, high unemployment/economic discontent |
| leader during Arab Spring | President Ben Ali |
| groups involved in Tunisia | UGTT (general labor union that rebelled against government), Mohamed Bouazizi (started the movement by lighting himself on fire in front of government offices) |
| effects of Arab Spring in Tunisia | a new constitution is created, Ben Ali was removed and fled to Saudi Arabia where he is protected (never punished) |
| start of revolution in Tunisia | December 2010 (1st country), inspired people in other countries to rebel |
| why did peaceful protests turn into violent civil wars | the government violently fought back against protestors in order to preserve their power, war was prolonged by other countries who supplied government with weapons and aid (proxy war) |
| long term consequences of mass displacement in Syria | strain on host country's economy, disrupts children's education, having to make the decision to return or not to return home |
| top 2 Syrian refugee host countries | Turkey and Lebanon |
| what does freedom house measure | political rights and civil liberties |
| how does freedom house measure freedom status | categories - not free, partly free, free are measured on a 100 point scale |
| countries that have a perfect score on freedom house | Norway, Sweden, Finland |
| strategies that people use to stay alive in Aleppo | live on lower floors, don't use rooms near the street, park cars in garages with windows down, listen for bombs/planes, don't go outside in large groups |
| challenges of getting basic necessities during civil wars | can't leave homes without fear that it will be destroyed when you return, unemployment (no $ to pay for things), fathers would go out to get food for families/communities (risking life), using bad alternatives (ex. drinking dirty water) |
| education in Aleppo | are underground and volunteer-led, occur sporadically since they never know when there will be an attack |
| why do people decide not to seek refuge in other countries | unified with their home culture and their cultural identity, don't want to leave family and the only home they have ever known |
| Arab Spring in Yemen | long history of internal conflict, civilians overthrow leader during Arab Spring, civil war begins in 2014 |
| 2 sides of civil war in Yemen | Houthis (tribe, began Arab Spring movement in Yemen in 2011) vs. PLC (Presidential Leadership Council) and STC (pushing for southern Yemen to be independent from rest of country) |
| the Houthis are backed by... | Iran and Russia |
| the government (PLC and STC) is backed by... | Saudi Arabia and the U.S. |
| why Houthis were fighting | fighting corruption, wanted to get rid of Saudi influence |
| pro-government justification | pushing for stability, wanted to get rid of Iran's influence, wants STC to be independent |
| impacts of civil war on Yemen | 80% live below poverty line, 2/3 of the population needs aid, 850,000 children died from starvation in the past 3 years |
| challenges of transporting humanitarian aid | Houthis attacking all ships, blockades by Saudis and STC |
| Yemen current status | ceasefire in 2022 but is very unstable, if it holds recovery of the country could take decades |
| suicide bombing | when the terrorist kills themselves in order to harm others, violates norms and human rights, provides psychological power and instills shock and fear (a member is willing to die to harm others) |
| incentives used to recruit suicide bombers | act of heroism/sacrifice/duty, martyrdom to bring praise to communities, money/education/healthcare/housing |
| justifications for suicide bombing | uses an extremist interpretation of religion, a suicide bomber may want a lot of media or societal attention |
| demographic for suicide bombers | beforehand, suicide bombers were mainly young adult males who weren't sure what they wanted to do with their life but now it could be anybody |
| terrorism | the deliberate and systematic murder, maiming, and menacing of innocent people to inspire fear |
| political reasons for terrorism | want to make people fearful of the terrorist group or overthrow another group, release of political prisoners, self-determination (ex. last resort for independence) |
| religious reasons for terrorism | extremism, claims violence is in the name of religion and manipulates religious beliefs to justify terrorism |
| publicity reasons for terrorism | bring attention to their cause, want TV/social media attention, want people to know their name, assert power and dominance |
| hijacking | taking over planes and killing people on them or capturing prisoners |
| bombings | detonating a bomb in a crowded area (ex. cities, hospitals, schools) and going to another place to set it off |
| assassinations | killing important figures to gain the attention of another group |
| biological, chemical, nuclear weapons | spreads disease to underdeveloped areas, uses nuclear weapons and chemical glasses (deadly, human rights abuse) |
| al-Qaeda | led by Saddam Hussein who was killed after attacks, planned 9/11 attacks, located throughout the Middle East, known for hating the West |
| Isis | Islamic state, big in Iraq and Syria since there is a lot of government instability |
| Al Shabab | from Somalia |
| Boko Haram | from Nigeria |
| JNIM | from Mali |
| Taliban | from Afghanistan, actually controls a government |
| state sponsored terrorism list | U.S. list of countries that fund terrorism (ex. Iran, Iraq, Syria), places sanctions on these countries (ex. embargoes) |
| U.S. Patriot Act | created after 9/11, protects civil liberties but states that privacy isn't unlimited |
| military action against terrorism | aka War on Terror, sending troops to countries who committed terrorist attacks on the U.S. |
| military tribunals | special court put into law for swift trial and justice of terrorists, terrorists are quickly put on trial so they receive a fair punishment and trial, issues by Bush |
| leader of Syria | Bashar al-Assad, graduated from med school and worked as an opthamologist but was called home to be the heir to the throne when his older brother died, became military general first then a dictator, wasn't removed during Arab Spring |
| Syrian Arab Army | wanted to keep power so Assad didn't die, used deadly force to crush opposition, used chemical weapons, backed by Russia and Iran |
| Syrian National Army | backed by the U.S. and Turkey, the rebels fighting against government |
| Syrian civil war | lasted for over a decade, became a proxy war since so many other countries funded it, Isis also came in and tried to take land while government was distracted |
| Idlib | city in Northern Syria, important transportation center |
| Damascus | capital city of Syria |
| Aleppo | major industrial city that was impacted the most by conflict |
| the White Helmets | Syrian civil defense volunteers that conduct search and rescue operations in Syria, save people from rubble, conduct evaluations, and deliver supplies |
| Syria current status | Syrian National Army captured Damascus, Assad flees to Russia where he is granted asylum (escapes overthrow and death penalty), has a transitional government led by al-Sharaa |
| what Assad could be tried for | crimes against humanity (torture, bombings), war crimes, (chemical weapons), genocide |
| political effects of civil war on Syria | ethnic/religious identity struggle, high displacement, Isis trying to take over land |
| economic effects of civil war on Syria | sanctions on $$, expensive infrastructure repairs, high poverty and unemployment |
| social effects of civil war on Syria | food insecurity, 6.8 million are displaced, unsafe water, no education system, 570,000 deaths |
| refugee | person fleeing their home country because of war |
| IDP | internally displaced, can't leave their home country but do not live in their house, trying to find security within a country |
Created by:
ts2819