Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Bio Midterm 2
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| biofuels | renewable fuels made from living organisms |
| fossil fuels | oil (petroleum), natural gas, coal; release so much energy when burned; nonrenewable (won't last forever); extracting from earth and burning them can lead to environmental damage |
| conservation of energy | energy cannot be created or destroyed, it just changes forms |
| potential energy | energy that is stored and waiting to be used; stored energy in chemical bonds |
| kinetic energy | what potential energy can be converted into; the energy of movement or motion |
| photosynthesis | the process through which plants, algae, and a few other organisms capture the energy of sugar molecules; use the energy of sunlight to make energy-rich molecules using carbon dioxide and water |
| autotrophs | organisms such as plants, algae, and certain bacteria that can make food from inorganic (nonliving) starting materials (ex. carbon dioxide, water, sunlight); capture the energy of sunlight by photosynthesis |
| heterotrophs | organisms that cannot make their own food and must consume organic molecules produced by the other living organisms to obtain energy (animals, fungi, most bacteria); obtain energy by eating other organisms |
| chloroplasts | organelles present in leaves and algae; the place where photosynthesis occurs |
| light energy | a type of electromagnetic radiation (also includes x-rays, microwaves, and radio waves); the energy of the electromagnetic spectrum of radiation; travels to earth in particles called photons or packets of light energy |
| photons | packets of light energy, each with a specific wavelength and quantity of energy; photons with different wavelengths contain different amounts of energy |
| chlorophyll | the pigment present in the green parts of plants that absorb photons of light energy during the "photo" reactions of photosynthesis; captures the energy of sunlight |
| adenosine triphosphate (ATP) | the molecule in cells that powers energy requiring functions; used in "synthesis" part of photosynthesis as an energy source to make sugar |
| second law of thermodynamics | (at least a part of it): with each energy transformation, significant amounts of energy are lost to the environment as heat |
| chemical energy | potential energy stored in the bonds of biological molecules; food contains chemical energy; breaking these bonds releases that stored energy, making it available to power cell functions |
| heat | the kinetic energy generated by random movement of molecules or atoms |
| process of photosynthesis | water + sunlight + carbon dioxide -> oxygen + glucose |
| "photo" part of photosynthesis | light energy is captured in chemical form (ATP and NADPH) |
| "synthesis" part of photosynthesis | the newly generated chemical energy (ATP and NADPH) is used to generate glucose molecules using the carbon atoms of carbon dioxide |
| Rubisco | the enzyme responsible for the first step of carbon fixation; protein that does most of the heavy lifting of incorporating CO2 into an organic molecule; located inside chloroplasts; estimated most abundant enzyme on earth |
| obesity | having an unhealthy amount of body fat |
| body mass index | provides an indirect estimate of body fat based on a persons height; calculated by dividing weight by height (kg/m^2); 19-24 is healthy, 25-29 is overweight, 30+ is obese |
| calorie (lowercase c) | amount of energy required to raise the temp of 1 gram of water by 1 degree c |
| Calorie (uppercase C) | also known as kilocalories; equal to 1000 calories |
| basal metabolism | the many thousands of chemical reactions that keep our cells and organs functioning, and us alive |
| non-exercise activity thermogenesis (NEAT) | includes all sorts of activities of daily living that are not deliberate exercise, such as walking up stairs, chores, gardening, ect. |
| adenosine triphosphate (ATP) | the molecule that cells use to power energy-requiring functions |
| aerobic cellular respiration | a series of reactions that occurs in the presence of oxygen and converts energy stored in food into ATP |
| glycolysis | first step in aerobic respiration; a series of chemical reactions that splits glucose into 2 smaller molecules of pyruvate; takes place in cytoplasm |
| citric acid cycle | second step in aerobic respiration; a series of reactions strips electrons from the bonds between the carbon and hydrogen atoms that were originally in glucose and are now in pyruvate; takes place in mitochondria |
| glycolysis | first step in aerobic respiration; a series of chemical reactions that splits glucose into 2 smaller molecules of pyruvate; takes place in cytoplasm |
| citric acid cycle | second step in aerobic respiration; a series of reactions strips electrons from the bonds between the carbon and hydrogen atoms that were originally in glucose and are now in pyruvate; takes place in mitochondria |
| electron transport chain | third step in aerobic respiration; the transfer of electrons that takes place in the mitochondria and produces the bulk of ATP during aerobic respiration |
| fermentation | another form of metabolism; an anaerobic process (occurring without oxygen); products of glycolysis don't go through citric acid cycle or electron transport chain |
| glycogen | a polymer of glucose; energy-storing carb found in animal cells; short term storage system |
| triglycerides | a type of lipid found in fat cells that stores excess energy for long term use |
| deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) | stores biological info and serves as an instruction manual from which we are built; passes from parent to offspring during reproduction |
| chromosome | a single, large DNA molecule wound around proteins; human cells have 23 pairs, one from each parent for 46 total chromosomes; 23rd determines sex |
| nucleotide | the building blocks of DNA; each molecule consist of a sugar, a phosphate groups, and a base; the sequence of nucleotides (A,C,G,T) along a DNA strand is unique to each person |
| double helix | the spiral structure formed by two strands of DNA nucleotides held together by hydrogen bonds |
| DNA profile | a readout of DNA sequences that is unique to a single individual |
| DNA replication | the natural process by which cells make an identical copy of a DNA molecule; occurs whenever a cell reproduces; |
| semiconservative | DNA replication is said to be semiconservative because each newly made DNA molecule has one original DNA strand and one new DNA strand |
| polymerase chain reaction (PCR) | a laboratory technique used to replicate, and thereby amplify, a specific DNA segment |
| centrifuge | a device used by scientists which spins samples at high speeds to separate out materials from a mixture; used to extract DNA from cells |
| genome | one complete set of genetic instructions encoded in the DNA of an organism |
| short tandem repeats (STRs) | blocks of repeated DNA sequences found at points along our chromosomes |
Created by:
user-2021466