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Unit 3 Exam
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Cell | The basic unit of life and the smallest part of an organism that is alive |
| Cytoplasm | The jelly-like fluid inside the cell that surrounds the organelles |
| Eukaryotic Cell | A complex cell that has a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles |
| Nucleus | The control center of the cell that contains the DNA |
| Organelle | A tiny cell structure that carries out a specific job for the cell |
| Prokaryotic Cell | A simple cell that lacks a nucleus and other internal membranes |
| Ribosome | A small structure that makes proteins for the cell |
| Cell Membrane | The outer boundary of the cell that controls what enters and exits |
| DNA | The genetic material that contains instructions for the cell |
| Nucleoid | The region in a prokaryotic cell where the DNA is located |
| Endomembrane System | A network of organelles that work together to make and transport materials |
| Vesicle | A small membrane sac used to transport substances around or out of the cell |
| Mitochondria | The powerhouse of the cell where ATP (energy) is produced |
| Chloroplast | The organelle in plants where photosynthesis happens |
| Cellular Compartmentalization | The division of the cell into separate areas by membranes to increase efficiency |
| Endosymbiotic Theory | The theory that mitochondria and chloroplasts originated from small prokaryotic cells |
| Cell Wall | A rigid outer layer in plants that provides support and protection |
| Central Vacuole | A large sac in plants that stores water and maintains internal pressure |
| Lysosome | An organelle that uses enzymes to break down waste and debris |
| Centriole | A structure in animal cells that helps with cell division |
| Flagella | A long, whip-like tail used for movement |
| Chromatin | The form of DNA found in the nucleus (DNA wrapped around proteins) |
| Cilia | Short, hair-like structures used for movement or moving fluids |
| Cristae | The folds of the inner mitochondrial membrane that increase surface area |
| Cytoskeleton | A network of protein fibers that gives the cell its shape |
| Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) | A membrane network involved in making proteins and lipids |
| Golgi Apparatus | A stack of membranes that modifies, sorts, and packages proteins |
| Grana | Stacks of thylakoids found inside a chloroplast |
| Rough ER | Part of the ER with ribosomes attached; makes proteins for export |
| Smooth ER | Part of the ER without ribosomes; makes lipids and detoxifies chemicals |
| Stroma | The fluid-filled space inside a chloroplast |
| Thylakoid | Flattened sacs in the chloroplast where light is absorbed |
| Homeostasis | The process of maintaining a stable internal environment |
| Fluid Mosaic Model | Describes the cell membrane as a flexible layer of moving pieces |
| Phospholipid Bilayer | The double layer of phospholipids that forms the cell membrane |
| Hydrophilic | Water-loving; describes the heads of phospholipids |
| Hydrophobic | Water-fearing; describes the tails of phospholipids |
| Selectively Permeable | The property of a membrane that allows only certain things to pass through |
| Cholesterol | A lipid in animal cell membranes that keeps them stable and fluid |
| Integral Protein | A protein that goes all the way through the cell membrane |
| Peripheral Protein | A protein found only on the surface of the cell membrane |
| Glycoprotein | A protein with a carbohydrate chain; used for cell recognition |
| Concentration Gradient | The difference in the amount of a substance across a space |
| Passive Transport | The movement of materials across the membrane without using energy |
| Diffusion | The movement of molecules from high to low concentration |
| Facilitated Diffusion | Passive transport that uses a protein to help molecules cross the membrane |
| Osmosis | The diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane |
| Active Transport | The movement of materials from low to high concentration using ATP (energy) |
| ATP | The main energy molecule used by cells |
| Bulk Transport | Moving large amounts of materials using vesicles |
| Endocytosis | The process of taking material into the cell by folding the membrane inward |
| Exocytosis | The process of releasing materials out of the cell using a vesicle |
| Phagocytosis | A type of endocytosis often called "cell eating." Pinocytosis |
| Solvent | The liquid that does the dissolving (usually water) |
| Hypotonic | A solution with a lower solute concentration than the cell; causes cell swelling |
| Hypertonic | A solution with a higher solute concentration than the cell; causes cell shrinking |
| Isotonic | A solution with the same solute concentration as the cell; no net water movement |
| Turgor Pressure | The internal water pressure that keeps plant cells rigid. |
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