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AP 2
test
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the three layers of the blood vessel wall and their functions? | Tunica intima: smooth inner lining; Tunica media: smooth muscle for constriction and dilation; Tunica externa: protection and support |
| What are the structural differences between arteries and veins? | Arteries have thicker tunica media, higher pressure, no valves; veins have thinner walls, lower pressure, and valves |
| What occurs at the capillaries and what allows this to happen? | Exchange of gases, nutrients, and wastes due to thin walls of simple squamous epithelium |
| What is the function of smooth muscle sphincters in capillary beds? | Regulate blood flow into capillary beds based on tissue needs |
| What is the function of valves in veins? | Prevent backflow of blood and aid return to the heart |
| What are the general differences between pulmonary and systemic vessels? | Pulmonary vessels carry blood to and from lungs; systemic vessels carry blood to and from the body |
| Which vessels branch directly off the aorta? | Coronary arteries, brachiocephalic artery, left common carotid artery, left subclavian artery, celiac trunk, superior mesenteric artery, inferior mesenteric artery, renal arteries |
| Blood flow from heart to fingertips and back to heart | Aorta → subclavian → axillary → brachial → radial/ulnar → capillaries → radial/ulnar veins → brachial → axillary → subclavian → superior vena cava → right atrium |
| Blood flow from heart to toes and back to heart | Aorta → common iliac → external iliac → femoral → popliteal → anterior tibial → dorsalis pedis → capillaries → tibial veins → popliteal → femoral → external iliac → common iliac → inferior vena cava → right atrium |
| What are the branches of the celiac trunk? | Left gastric artery, common hepatic artery, splenic artery |
| What vessels supply blood to the head and how is blood drained? | Supplied by common carotid arteries; drained by internal and external jugular veins |
| What regions are supplied by bronchial arteries? | Lung tissue |
| What regions are supplied by internal and external carotid arteries? | Internal carotid supplies brain; external carotid supplies face and scalp |
| What regions are supplied by radial and ulnar arteries? | Forearm and hand |
| What regions are supplied by gastric arteries? | Stomach |
| What regions are supplied by hepatic artery? | Liver |
| What regions are supplied by renal arteries? | Kidneys |
| What regions are supplied by superior and inferior mesenteric arteries? | Superior: small intestine and part of colon; Inferior: distal colon and rectum |
| What regions are supplied by internal and external iliac arteries? | Internal: pelvic organs; External: lower limbs |
| What regions are drained by the azygos vein? | Thoracic wall and upper lumbar region |
| What regions are drained by internal jugular veins? | Brain and deep structures of head |
| What regions are drained by external jugular veins? | Face and superficial head structures |
| What is the function of the hepatic portal system? | Delivers nutrient-rich blood from gastrointestinal tract to liver for processing before entering systemic circulation |
| Primary difference between right and left sides of the heart | Right side pumps deoxygenated blood to lungs; left side pumps oxygenated blood to body |
| Great vessels attached to the heart | Vena cavae deliver blood to heart; pulmonary trunk and aorta carry blood away |
| Pericardial cavity function | Space between pericardial layers filled with serous fluid to reduce friction |
| Layers of the heart wall | Epicardium, myocardium, endocardium |
| Which ventricular wall is thicker and why | Left ventricle; pumps blood to entire body at high pressure |
| Foramen ovale (fossa ovalis) | Fetal opening allowing blood to bypass lungs from right to left atrium |
| Coronary sinus function | Drains deoxygenated blood from myocardium to right atrium |
| Papillary muscle function | Prevent AV valves from prolapsing during ventricular contraction |
| Chordae tendineae function | Anchor AV valve cusps to papillary muscles |
| Function of heart valves | Ensure one-way blood flow through the heart |
| AV valves location | Between atria and ventricles |
| Semilunar valves location | Between ventricles and great arteries |
| Blood flow through the heart | Vena cavae → RA → tricuspid → RV → pulmonary valve → lungs → pulmonary veins → LA → bicuspid → LV → aortic valve → aorta |
| Purpose of coronary arteries | Supply oxygenated blood to myocardium |
| Right coronary artery branches | Marginal artery, posterior interventricular artery |
| Left coronary artery branches | Anterior interventricular (LAD), circumflex |
| Intercalated disc components | Desmosomes and gap junctions |
| How heart meets high energy demand | Many mitochondria and dense capillary supply |
| Conduction system order | SA node → AV node → AV bundle → bundle branches → Purkinje fibers |
| P wave | Atrial depolarization |
| QRS complex | Ventricular depolarization and atrial repolarization |
| T wave | Ventricular repolarization |
| PR segment mechanical event | Ventricular filling |
| ST segment mechanical event | Ventricular contraction |
| Cardiac output definition | Amount of blood pumped by one ventricle per minute |
| Cardiac output equation | CO = HR × SV |
| Stroke volume equation | SV = EDV − ESV |
| Function of precapillary sphincters | Control blood flow into capillary beds |
| Function of venous valves | Prevent backflow of blood |
| Hepatic portal system function | Delivers nutrient-rich blood from GI tract to liver for processing |
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