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chp 9 anat/phys
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Digestive system | body system that ingests food, digests it into nutrients, absorbs nutrients, and eliminates waste |
| Gastrointestinal tract | digestive system extending from the mouth to the anus |
| Ingestion | intake of food and liquids into the body |
| Digestion | process of breaking food down into smaller components |
| Physical digestion | mechanical breakdown of food into smaller pieces |
| Chemical digestion | breakdown of food into simpler chemical compounds using enzymes |
| Absorption | movement of nutrients from the digestive tract into the bloodstream |
| Elimination | removal of waste from the body |
| Defecation | elimination of solid waste from the body |
| Alimentary canal | hollow muscular tube where digestion, absorption, and elimination occur |
| Accessory organs | organs that assist digestion but are not part of the alimentary canal |
| Oral cavity | mouth and related structures where digestion begins |
| Mastication | chewing of food |
| Salivary glands | glands that secrete saliva and digestive enzymes |
| Amylase | enzyme that breaks down starches |
| Labia | lips that protect the opening of the mouth |
| Buccae | cheeks forming the sides of the mouth |
| Hard palate | front portion of the roof of the mouth |
| Soft palate | back portion of the roof of the mouth |
| Uvula | structure that prevents food from entering the nasal cavity during swallowing |
| Tongue | muscular organ that aids in chewing, taste, speech, and absorption of some medications |
| Papillae | small bumps on the tongue that contain taste buds |
| Taste buds | sensory receptors that detect taste |
| Teeth | structures that grind food during physical digestion |
| Crown | part of the tooth above the gum line |
| Root | part of the tooth embedded in bone |
| Enamel | hard outer covering of the tooth |
| Dentin | bone-like layer beneath enamel |
| Pulp | soft tissue inside the tooth containing nerves and blood vessels |
| Gingiva | gums that surround and support the teeth |
| Pharynx | throat that serves as a passageway for food, fluids, and air |
| Nasopharynx | upper portion of the pharynx that functions as an airway |
| Oropharynx | middle portion of the pharynx that passes food and air |
| Laryngopharynx | lower portion of the pharynx that directs food to the esophagus |
| Deglutition | act of swallowing |
| Peristalsis | wave-like muscular contractions that move food through the digestive tract |
| Esophagus | muscular tube connecting the pharynx to the stomach |
| Cardiac sphincter | muscle controlling movement between the esophagus and stomach |
| Stomach | sac-like organ that mixes food with gastric juices |
| Fundus | upper rounded portion of the stomach |
| Body | main portion of the stomach |
| Antrum | lower portion of the stomach |
| Rugae | folds in the stomach lining |
| Chyme | semi-liquid mixture of food and gastric juices |
| Pylorus | passage connecting the stomach to the small intestine |
| Pyloric sphincter | muscle controlling release of chyme into the small intestine |
| Small intestine | primary site of chemical digestion and nutrient absorption |
| Duodenum | first section of the small intestine |
| Jejunum | middle section of the small intestine where absorption occurs |
| Ileum | final section of the small intestine where vitamin B12 is absorbed |
| Ileocecal valve | sphincter preventing backflow into the small intestine |
| Villi | finger-like projections that increase surface area for absorption |
| Colon | large intestine that absorbs water and forms feces |
| Cecum | pouch connecting the small intestine to the colon |
| Appendix | small organ attached to the cecum |
| Ascending colon | portion of the colon that moves upward |
| Transverse colon | horizontal portion of the colon |
| Descending colon | portion of the colon that moves downward |
| Sigmoid colon | S-shaped portion leading to the rectum |
| Rectum | section that stores feces |
| Goblet cells | mucus-secreting cells that lubricate feces |
| Flatus | intestinal gas produced by bacteria |
| Anus | opening through which feces exit the body |
| Anal sphincters | muscles that control release of feces |
| Liver | organ that produces bile and processes nutrients |
| Bile | fluid that breaks down fats |
| Gallbladder | organ that stores and concentrates bile |
| Pancreas | organ that produces digestive enzymes and insulin |
| Lipase | enzyme that breaks down fats |
| Protease | enzyme that breaks down proteins |
| Insulin | hormone that helps cells absorb sugar |
Created by:
ush