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A&P 2: Ch. 17

Study Guide

TermDefinition
Functions of blood Transportation Regulation Protection
Characteristics of blood pH: ~7.35–7.45 Acidosis: pH < 7.35 Alkalosis: pH > 7.45 Viscosity: Thickness of blood Implications: ↑ viscosity → ↑ resistance → ↑ blood pressure
Composition of blood Mostly water, electrolytes, nutrients, hormones Plasma proteins: Albumin, globulins, fibrinogen Albumin: Maintains osmotic pressure, transports substances
Formed elements of blood Erythrocytes: Oxygen transport Leukocytes: Immune defense Platelets: Clotting
What is the function of erythrocytes (RBC's) Function: Oxygen transport Shape: Biconcave → ↑ surface area No nucleus/mitochondria: More room for hemoglobin, no oxygen use
What is the function of hemoglobin Structure: 4 globin chains + heme groups Heme: Contains iron Iron: Binds oxygen Functions: Oxygen transport, CO₂ transport, blood buffering
What is hematopoiesis Definition: Blood cell formation Adult locations: Red bone marrow Stem cells: Hematopoietic stem cells Differentiation: Stem cells → specific blood cells
What are the stages of Erythropoiesis Stages: Stem cell → erythroblast → reticulocyte → RBC
What do Reticulocytes do? Immature RBCs; ↑ levels = increased RBC production
What is EPO for RBC regulation? Hormone that stimulates RBC production
What do the kidneys do for RBC regulation? Release EPO in response to hypoxia
What are leukocytes (WBCs) Function: Immune defense Diapedesis: Exit bloodstream Chemotaxis: Move toward chemicals Amoeboid motion: Crawling movement Types: Granulocytes vs agranulocytes
What are types of leukocytes Neutrophils: Phagocytize bacteria Eosinophils: Parasites, allergies Basophils: Histamine, inflammation Lymphocytes: Adaptive immunity (B, T, NK) Monocytes: Become macrophages
What are platelets origin and function? they are fragments of megakaryocytes and cause Hemostasis (clotting)
What three things happen in hemostasis? Vascular spasm: Vasoconstriction Platelet plug: Temporary seal Coagulation: Fibrin clot formation
How do platelets get into the platelet plug formation? Collagen exposure: Platelets stick von Willebrand factor: Platelet adhesion Chemicals released: ADP, serotonin, thromboxane → recruit platelets
Coagulation Intrinsic & extrinsic pathways: Different triggers, same outcome Prothrombin → thrombin Fibrinogen → fibrin
Clot retraction & fibrinolysis Clot retraction: Stabilizes clot Plasmin: Breaks down fibrin → clot removal
Blood loss & transfusion Compensation: ↑ heart rate, vasoconstriction, fluid shift Whole blood: All components PRBCs: Packed red blood cells only
Blood groups ABO system A, B, AB, O based on antigens Rh system Rh+ or Rh– Universal donor: O– Universal recipient: AB+
Transfusion reactions Agglutination: Antibodies cause clumping Hemolysis: RBC destruction
Created by: user-2024017
 

 



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