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Stack #4626738
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What did Norman Triplett demonstrate in Social Context? | Social context affects social facilitation (behavior) |
| What does the Cognitive Revolution of the 1970s focus on? | Intervening processes in behavior. |
| What is the Endowment Effect? | Valuing something more highly when you own it. |
| What is a Hypothesis? | An explicit, testable prediction about conditions under which an event will occur. |
| What does it mean to operationalize a variable? | To define a specific procedure for how a variable is measured or manipulated. |
| What is the difference between a measured variable and a manipulated variable? | A measured variable is observed, and a manipulating variable is controlled by the researcher. |
| What is a correlation coefficient? | Measures the strength and direction of association between two variables ranging from (-1 to +1) |
| What is an independent variable? | A variable that is manipulated and causes the effect of the dependent variable. |
| What is a dependent variable? | A variable that is observed to measure the effect of the independent variable. |
| What is internal validity? | The degree of the independent variable causing changes in the dependent variable. |
| What is external validity? | The degree of the sample representing the population. |
| What is the purpose of replication in research? | To determine if findings generalize across populations and situations. |
| What is self-esteem? | The affective component of the self, involving positive and negative self-evaluations. |
| What is the Sociometer Hypothesis? | The idea that self-esteem reflects how we perceive our value in the eyes of others. |
| What is self-perception theory? | The theory that people gain self-insight by observing their own behavior. |
| What are intrinsic and extrinsic motivations? | Intrinsic motivation comes from oneself and extrinsic comes from external factors. |
| What is the Overjustification Effect? | Intrinsic motivation decreases when an activity is associated with extrinsic rewards. |
| What is self-concept? | The sum of an individual's beliefs about their own personal attributes. |
| What is social comparison theory? | The theory that people evaluate their own abilities and opinions by comparing themselves to others. |
| What are boundary conditions in social comparison? | Situations when individuals compare themselves to others, such as uncertainty about oneself. |
| What are self-schemas? | Beliefs that guide the processing of self-relevant information. |
| What is the role of introspection in self-concept? | It involves self-analysis and reflection. |
| What is the significance of the red dye test? | It measures self-recognition and self-concept development in humans and great apes. |
| What is the relationship between self-esteem and social feedback? | Self-esteem is influenced by how others perceive and respond to us. |
| What is self-bias? | The tendency to blame failures on external events while taking credit for successes. |
| What is self-handicapping? | Creating obstacles to successful performance to have an excuse if failure occurs. |
| What is downward comparison? | Comparing oneself to others who are below you. |
| What does BIRGing stand for? | Basking in Reflected Glory; associating with successful or famous others. |
| What is social cognition? | How people perceive, remember, and interpret information about others. |
| What are schemas? | Mental structures used to organize knowledge and influence perception, attention, and memory. |
| What is the difference between personal and situational attribution? | Personal attribution relates to traits causing behavior, while situational attribution relates to external factors. |
| What is the Fundamental Attribution Error (FAE)? | The tendency to focus on personal causes and underestimate situational causes of others' behavior. |
| What is the Availability Heuristic? | Estimating the likelihood of an event based on how easily instances come to mind. |
| What is the Representativeness Heuristic? | Classifying objects based on how similar they are to a typical case. |
| What is priming in social cognition? | The tendency for recently used words or ideas to influence interpretation of new information. |
| What are automatic processes? | Unconscious, unintentional, and effortless cognitive processes. |
| What are controlled processes? | Conscious, intentional, and effortful cognitive processes. |
| What is Attribution Theory? | A theory that describes how people explain the causes of behavior. |
| What is the Correspondence Inference Theory? | A theory that determines whether behavior is attributed to personal or situational factors based on choice, expectedness, and consequences. |
| What is the Quizmaster Study (Ross et al., 1977)? | A study showing that questioners are perceived as more knowledgeable than contestants, demonstrating the FAE. |
| What are the ABC's of Group Perception? | Affect (prejudice), Behavior (discrimination), Cognition (stereotyping). |
| What is the impact of schemas on memory? | Schemas help recall schema-consistent information and can even lead to recalling events that did not occur. |
| What is the advantage of self-handicapping? | It protects self-esteem by providing an excuse for potential failure. |
| What is a stereotype? | A cognitive belief about the traits and characteristics of a group. |
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