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A&P 1 Ch.16
Study Guide
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| What are Hormones? | Long distance chemical messengers; target cells, and receptors. |
| What are some characteristics of Nervous signaling? | Signal type: Electrical impulses + neurotransmitters Speed: Very fast Duration: Short-lasting Specificity: Very specific (targets nearby cells) |
| What are some characteristics of Endocrine signaling? | Signal type: Hormones (chemical) Speed: Slower Duration: Long-lasting Specificity: Less specific (targets any cell with the right receptor) |
| Amino acid based hormones... | Solubility: Water-soluble Cross membrane: No Receptor location: Cell surface Transport in blood: Travel freely (no carrier) |
| Steroid Hormones are... | Solubility: Lipid-soluble Cross membrane: Yes Receptor location: Inside cell (cytoplasm or nucleus) Transport in blood: Bound to carrier proteins |
| What is the Thyroid hormone exception? | Thyroid hormones are amino acid–based but act like steroids: lipid-soluble, cross membranes, bind intracellular receptors, and travel bound to carriers. |
| Membrane receptor signaling (second messengers) | Ligand binds to cell surface receptor Activates second messengers (like cAMP) Causes rapid, short-term cellular responses |
| Intracellular receptor signaling | Ligand crosses membrane Binds receptor inside cell Hormone–receptor complex alters gene transcription Slower, but long-lasting effects |
| What is the first step of GPCR pathway? | Receptor activation: Ligand binds GPCR |
| What is the second step of GPCR pathway? | G protein activation: G protein binds GTP |
| What is the third step of GPCR pathway? | cAMP formation: Adenylyl cyclase makes cAMP |
| What is the fourth step of GPCR pathway? | Protein kinase activation: cAMP activates protein kinase A (PKA) |
| What is the fifth step of GPCR pathway? | Signal amplification: One signal activates many molecules |
| Receptor specificity | Only cells with the correct receptor respond to a hormone |
| Strength of response depends on | Hormone concentration: More hormone → stronger response Receptor number: More receptors → greater response Receptor affinity: Higher affinity → stronger binding and response |
| What is up regulation? | Increase in receptor number → increased sensitivity |
| What is down regulation? | Decrease in receptor number → decreased sensitivity |
| What is desensitization? | Receptors become less responsive after constant stimulation |
| Negative feedback regulation | Hormone output inhibits its own release & maintains homeostasis |
| What are types of Endocrine gland stimuli? | Humoral: Changes in blood levels (ions/nutrients) Neural: Nerve impulses trigger release Hormonal: One hormone stimulates another gland |
| What is the nervous system modulation of endocrine function? | Hypothalamus links nervous + endocrine systems Nervous input can increase or decrease hormone release |
| What is the difference between Free vs protein bound hormones? | Free: Active, short half-life Protein-bound: Inactive, long half-life |
| How is hormone removal done? | Broken down by enzymes Removed by liver and kidneys |
| What is the significance of half life? | Time for hormone level to drop by 50% Longer half-life → longer effect |
| Posterior Pituitary Function: | Neural control |
| Anterior Pituitary Function: | Hypophyseal portal system |
| Anterior vs pituitary tissue type? | Anterior = glandular Posterior = neural |
| Anterior vs pituitary control? | Anterior = hormonal Posterior = neural |
| Anterior vs pituitary hormone release? | Anterior = synthesizes Posterior = stores/releases |
| What is Oxytocin? | Uterine contractions, milk ejection |
| What is ADH? | Water retention, ↑ blood pressure |
| Anterior pituitary hormones are: | GH, TSH, ACTH, FSH, LH, PRL |
| Posterior pituitary hormones are: | Oxytocin, ADH |
| GH effects and indirect effects: | Direct effects: Fat breakdown, ↑ blood glucose Indirect effects: Growth via IGFs |
| GH IGFs | Made by liver, stimulate bone growth |
| GH regulation | GHRH stimulates GH GHIH dissimilates GH |
| What are some characteristics of Endocrine signaling? | Signal type: Hormones (chemical) Speed: Slower Duration: Long-lasting Specificity: Less specific (targets any cell with the right receptor) |
| Amino acid based hormones... | Solubility: Water-soluble Cross membrane: No Receptor location: Cell surface Transport in blood: Travel freely (no carrier) |
| Steroid Hormones are... | Solubility: Lipid-soluble Cross membrane: Yes Receptor location: Inside cell (cytoplasm or nucleus) Transport in blood: Bound to carrier proteins |
| What is the Thyroid hormone exception? | Thyroid hormones are amino acid–based but act like steroids: lipid-soluble, cross membranes, bind intracellular receptors, and travel bound to carriers. |
| Membrane receptor signaling (second messengers) | Ligand binds to cell surface receptor Activates second messengers (like cAMP) Causes rapid, short-term cellular responses |
| Intracellular receptor signaling | Ligand crosses membrane Binds receptor inside cell Hormone–receptor complex alters gene transcription Slower, but long-lasting effects |
| What is the first step of GPCR pathway? | Receptor activation: Ligand binds GPCR |
| What is the second step of GPCR pathway? | G protein activation: G protein binds GTP |
| What is the third step of GPCR pathway? | cAMP formation: Adenylyl cyclase makes cAMP |
| What is the fourth step of GPCR pathway? | Protein kinase activation: cAMP activates protein kinase A (PKA) |
| What is the fifth step of GPCR pathway? | Signal amplification: One signal activates many molecules |
| Receptor specificity | Only cells with the correct receptor respond to a hormone |
| Strength of response depends on | Hormone concentration: More hormone → stronger response Receptor number: More receptors → greater response Receptor affinity: Higher affinity → stronger binding and response |
| What is up regulation? | Increase in receptor number → increased sensitivity |
| What is down regulation? | Decrease in receptor number → decreased sensitivity |
| What is desensitization? | Receptors become less responsive after constant stimulation |
| Negative feedback regulation | Hormone output inhibits its own release & maintains homeostasis |
| What are types of Endocrine gland stimuli? | Humoral: Changes in blood levels (ions/nutrients) Neural: Nerve impulses trigger release Hormonal: One hormone stimulates another gland |
| What is the nervous system modulation of endocrine function? | Hypothalamus links nervous + endocrine systems Nervous input can increase or decrease hormone release |
| What is the difference between Free vs protein bound hormones? | Free: Active, short half-life Protein-bound: Inactive, long half-life |
| How is hormone removal done? | Broken down by enzymes Removed by liver and kidneys |
| What is the significance of half life? | Time for hormone level to drop by 50% Longer half-life → longer effect |
| Posterior Pituitary Function: | Neural control |
| Anterior Pituitary Function: | Hypophyseal portal system |
| Anterior vs pituitary tissue type? | Anterior = glandular Posterior = neural |
| Anterior vs pituitary control? | Anterior = hormonal Posterior = neural |
| Anterior vs pituitary hormone release? | Anterior = synthesizes Posterior = stores/releases |
| What is Oxytocin? | Uterine contractions, milk ejection |
| What is ADH? | Water retention, ↑ blood pressure |
| Anterior pituitary hormones are: | GH, TSH, ACTH, FSH, LH, PRL |
| Posterior pituitary hormones are: | Oxytocin, ADH |
| GH effects and indirect effects: | Direct effects: Fat breakdown, ↑ blood glucose Indirect effects: Growth via IGFs |
| GH IGFs | Made by liver, stimulate bone growth |
| GH regulation | GHRH stimulates GH GHIH dissimilates GH |
| What are some characteristics of Endocrine signaling? | Signal type: Hormones (chemical) Speed: Slower Duration: Long-lasting Specificity: Less specific (targets any cell with the right receptor) |
| Amino acid based hormones... | Solubility: Water-soluble Cross membrane: No Receptor location: Cell surface Transport in blood: Travel freely (no carrier) |
| Steroid Hormones are... | Solubility: Lipid-soluble Cross membrane: Yes Receptor location: Inside cell (cytoplasm or nucleus) Transport in blood: Bound to carrier proteins |
| What is the Thyroid hormone exception? | Thyroid hormones are amino acid–based but act like steroids: lipid-soluble, cross membranes, bind intracellular receptors, and travel bound to carriers. |
| Membrane receptor signaling (second messengers) | Ligand binds to cell surface receptor Activates second messengers (like cAMP) Causes rapid, short-term cellular responses |
| Intracellular receptor signaling | Ligand crosses membrane Binds receptor inside cell Hormone–receptor complex alters gene transcription Slower, but long-lasting effects |
| What is the first step of GPCR pathway? | Receptor activation: Ligand binds GPCR |
| What is the second step of GPCR pathway? | G protein activation: G protein binds GTP |
| What is the third step of GPCR pathway? | cAMP formation: Adenylyl cyclase makes cAMP |
| What is the fourth step of GPCR pathway? | Protein kinase activation: cAMP activates protein kinase A (PKA) |
| What is the fifth step of GPCR pathway? | Signal amplification: One signal activates many molecules |
| Receptor specificity | Only cells with the correct receptor respond to a hormone |
| Strength of response depends on | Hormone concentration: More hormone → stronger response Receptor number: More receptors → greater response Receptor affinity: Higher affinity → stronger binding and response |
| What is up regulation? | Increase in receptor number → increased sensitivity |
| What is down regulation? | Decrease in receptor number → decreased sensitivity |
| What is desensitization? | Receptors become less responsive after constant stimulation |
| Negative feedback regulation | Hormone output inhibits its own release & maintains homeostasis |
| What are types of Endocrine gland stimuli? | Humoral: Changes in blood levels (ions/nutrients) Neural: Nerve impulses trigger release Hormonal: One hormone stimulates another gland |
| What is the nervous system modulation of endocrine function? | Hypothalamus links nervous + endocrine systems Nervous input can increase or decrease hormone release |
| What is the difference between Free vs protein bound hormones? | Free: Active, short half-life Protein-bound: Inactive, long half-life |
| How is hormone removal done? | Broken down by enzymes Removed by liver and kidneys |
| What is the significance of half life? | Time for hormone level to drop by 50% Longer half-life → longer effect |
| Posterior Pituitary Function: | Neural control |
| Anterior Pituitary Function: | Hypophyseal portal system |
| Anterior vs pituitary tissue type? | Anterior = glandular Posterior = neural |
| Anterior vs pituitary control? | Anterior = hormonal Posterior = neural |
| Anterior vs pituitary hormone release? | Anterior = synthesizes Posterior = stores/releases |
| What is Oxytocin? | Uterine contractions, milk ejection |
| What is ADH? | Water retention, ↑ blood pressure |
| Anterior pituitary hormones are: | GH, TSH, ACTH, FSH, LH, PRL |
| Posterior pituitary hormones are: | Oxytocin, ADH |
| GH effects and indirect effects: | Direct effects: Fat breakdown, ↑ blood glucose Indirect effects: Growth via IGFs |
| GH IGFs | Made by liver, stimulate bone growth |
| GH regulation | GHRH stimulates GH GHIH dissimilates GH |
| What are some characteristics of Endocrine signaling? | Signal type: Hormones (chemical) Speed: Slower Duration: Long-lasting Specificity: Less specific (targets any cell with the right receptor) |
| Amino acid based hormones... | Solubility: Water-soluble Cross membrane: No Receptor location: Cell surface Transport in blood: Travel freely (no carrier) |
| Steroid Hormones are... | Solubility: Lipid-soluble Cross membrane: Yes Receptor location: Inside cell (cytoplasm or nucleus) Transport in blood: Bound to carrier proteins |
| What is the Thyroid hormone exception? | Thyroid hormones are amino acid–based but act like steroids: lipid-soluble, cross membranes, bind intracellular receptors, and travel bound to carriers. |
| Membrane receptor signaling (second messengers) | Ligand binds to cell surface receptor Activates second messengers (like cAMP) Causes rapid, short-term cellular responses |
| Intracellular receptor signaling | Ligand crosses membrane Binds receptor inside cell Hormone–receptor complex alters gene transcription Slower, but long-lasting effects |
| What is the first step of GPCR pathway? | Receptor activation: Ligand binds GPCR |
| What is the second step of GPCR pathway? | G protein activation: G protein binds GTP |
| What is the third step of GPCR pathway? | cAMP formation: Adenylyl cyclase makes cAMP |
| What is the fourth step of GPCR pathway? | Protein kinase activation: cAMP activates protein kinase A (PKA) |
| What is the fifth step of GPCR pathway? | Signal amplification: One signal activates many molecules |
| Receptor specificity | Only cells with the correct receptor respond to a hormone |
| Strength of response depends on | Hormone concentration: More hormone → stronger response Receptor number: More receptors → greater response Receptor affinity: Higher affinity → stronger binding and response |
| What is up regulation? | Increase in receptor number → increased sensitivity |
| What is down regulation? | Decrease in receptor number → decreased sensitivity |
| What is desensitization? | Receptors become less responsive after constant stimulation |
| Negative feedback regulation | Hormone output inhibits its own release & maintains homeostasis |
| What are types of Endocrine gland stimuli? | Humoral: Changes in blood levels (ions/nutrients) Neural: Nerve impulses trigger release Hormonal: One hormone stimulates another gland |
| What is the nervous system modulation of endocrine function? | Hypothalamus links nervous + endocrine systems Nervous input can increase or decrease hormone release |
| What is the difference between Free vs protein bound hormones? | Free: Active, short half-life Protein-bound: Inactive, long half-life |
| How is hormone removal done? | Broken down by enzymes Removed by liver and kidneys |
| What is the significance of half life? | Time for hormone level to drop by 50% Longer half-life → longer effect |
| Posterior Pituitary Function: | Neural control |
| Anterior Pituitary Function: | Hypophyseal portal system |
| Anterior vs pituitary tissue type? | Anterior = glandular Posterior = neural |
| Anterior vs pituitary control? | Anterior = hormonal Posterior = neural |
| Anterior vs pituitary hormone release? | Anterior = synthesizes Posterior = stores/releases |
| What is Oxytocin? | Uterine contractions, milk ejection |
| What is ADH? | Water retention, ↑ blood pressure |
| Anterior pituitary hormones are: | GH, TSH, ACTH, FSH, LH, PRL |
| Posterior pituitary hormones are: | Oxytocin, ADH |
| GH effects and indirect effects: | Direct effects: Fat breakdown, ↑ blood glucose Indirect effects: Growth via IGFs |
| GH IGFs | Made by liver, stimulate bone growth |
| GH regulation | GHRH stimulates GH GHIH dissimilates GH |
| Daily rhythm of GH | Highest during sleep |
| Some disorders of GH include: | Gigantism & dwarfism |
| What's the difference between T3 and T4? | T3 is more active - T4 is converted into T3 within tissues |
| Solubility in the thyroid gland | lipid soluble |
| Regulation of the thyroid gland: | TRH → TSH → thyroid hormones |
| What stimulates the parathyroid hormone for release? | Low blood calcium |
| Target organs of the parathyroid hormone: | Bone, kidneys, intestines |
| Parathyroid hormone effects on blood calcium: | Raises blood calcium |
| Role of vitamin D in relation to the parathyroid hormone: | Increases calcium absorption |
| What's the difference between the cortex and medulla in the adrenal glands? | Cortex: Steroid hormones Medulla: Catecholamines |
| What are the three cortical zones and hormone classes for the adrenal glands? | Zona glomerulosa → Mineralocorticoids Zona fasciculata → Glucocorticoids Zona reticularis → Androgens |
| What are the medullary hormones and sympathetic control for the adrenal gland? | Epinephrine & norepinephrine Controlled by sympathetic nervous system |
| What does the pineal gland produce? | Melatonin |
| What is the function and control of the pineal gland? | Regulates circadian rhythm Controlled by light–dark cycle |
| What does alpha cells and glucagon do for the pancreas? | Glucagon raises blood glucose |
| What does beta cells and insulin do for the pancreas? | Insulin lowers blood glucose |
| Differentiate between insulin and glucagon: | Insulin = storage Glucagon = release |
| Differentiate between type 1 and type 2 diabetes: | Type 1: No insulin production Type 2: Insulin resistance |
| (Gonads) Ovaries produce | Estrogen: Female traits, uterine growth Progesterone: Maintains pregnancy |
| (Gonads) Testes produce | Testosterone: Male traits, sperm production |
| Thymus Characteristics: | Function: Immune system T cell maturation Thymic hormones: Thymosin Paracrine vs endocrine: Mainly paracrine Involution: Shrinks with age |
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