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AP Gov 4.1 & 4.2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| How many members in congress | 535 |
| How many senators are in congress | 100 |
| How many senators does each state get in senate | 2 |
| How many members are in the House of Representatives | 435 |
| Requirements for House members | must be at least 25 years old, American citizens for seven years, and must be residents of the states from which they are elected |
| must be at least 25 years old, American citizens for seven years, and must be residents of the states from which they are elected | Requirements for House members |
| Requirements for Senators | must be at least 30 years old, American citizens for nine years, and must be residents of the states from which they are elected |
| must be at least 30 years old, American citizens for nine years, and must be residents of the states from which they are elected | Requirements for Senators |
| Usual background for members of congress | high status and usually have substantial incomes; Law and business are the dominant |
| high status and usually have substantial incomes; Law and business are the dominant | Usual background for members of congress |
| substantive representation | Members of congress reprsenting the interests of groups |
| Members of congress reprsenting the interests of groups | substantive representation |
| Incumbents | those already holding office; the most important fact about congressional elections is that usually win |
| those already holding office; the most important fact about congressional elections is that usually win | Incumbents |
| Even when challengers’ positions on the issues are closer to the voters’ positions, __________ still tend to win. Thus, the most important resource to ensure an opponent’s defeat is simply to be the __________. | Incumbents |
| Base for opposition to an incumbent when trying to get elected in Senate | an entire state is almost always more diverse than a congressional district and thus provides more of a base |
| an entire state is almost always more diverse than a congressional district and thus provides more of a base | Base for opposition to an incumbent when trying to get elected in Senate |
| ___________ have less personal contact with their constituents and receive more coverage in the media than ____________ do (and are therefore more likely to be held accountable on controversial issues) | Senators, representivites |
| Members of Congress who tend to draw more visible challengers who are already known to voters and who have substantial financial backing | Senators |
| Senators | Members of Congress who tend to draw more visible challengers who are already known to voters and who have substantial financial backing |
| theory that other candidates could ride into office by clinging to presidential coattails; do not seem to hold up in practice | Stories of presidential coattails |
| Stories of presidential coattails | theory that other candidates could ride into office by clinging to presidential coattails; do not seem to hold up in practice |
| three primary activities that increase members of congress engaging in the probability of their reelections | 1. advertising 2. credit claiming 3. position taking |
| 1. advertising 2. credit claiming 3. position taking | three primary activities that increase members of congress engaging in the probability of their reelections |
| Two ways members of Congress can service the constituency | casework and the pork barrel |
| casework and the pork barrel | Two ways members of Congress can service the constituency |
| helping constituents as individuals, such as cutting through bureaucratic red tape | Casework |
| Casework | helping constituents as individuals, such as cutting through bureaucratic red tape |
| expenditures on federal projects, grants, and contracts for cities, businesses, colleges, and institutions; members of Congress rarely pass up the opportunity to increase federal spending in their state or district | The pork barrel |
| The pork barrel | expenditures on federal projects, grants, and contracts for cities, businesses, colleges, and institutions; members of Congress rarely pass up the opportunity to increase federal spending in their state or district |
| when they vote on issues and when they respond to constituents’ questions about where they stand on issues, the positions they take may make a difference in the outcome of an election | Position taking |
| Position taking | when they vote on issues and when they respond to constituents’ questions about where they stand on issues, the positions they take may make a difference in the outcome of an election |
| Incumbents are likely to face _________ ___________ | Weak opponents |
| Weak opponents | Incumbents are likely to face _________ ___________ |
| potentially effective opponents often do not want to ______ ______ __________ | risk challenging members |
| risk challenging members | potentially effective opponents often do not want to _______ ________ ______ |
| constituencies in which their party is in the majority | Most members in congress represent |
| Most members in congress represent | constituencies in which their party is in the majority |
| party loyalty | good predictor of voting behavior |
| good predictor of voting behavior | party loyalty |
| tarnished by scandal or corruption becomes vulnerable. Voters do take out their anger at the polls | When defeating incumbents |
| When defeating incumbents | tarnished by scandal or corruption becomes vulnerable. Voters do take out their anger at the polls |
| In open seats, the candidate who ______ ___ _____ usually wins. | Spends the most |
| collection of generalists trying to make policy on specialized topics; cope with these demands through its elaborate committee system | Congress |
| Congress | collection of generalists trying to make policy on specialized topics; cope with these demands through its elaborate committee system |
| one divided into two houses | bicameral legislature |
| bicameral legislature | one divided into two houses |
| two senators in the U.S. Congress, with representation in the House of Representatives based on population | Each state is guaranteed in congress |
| Each state is guaranteed in congress | two senators in the U.S. Congress, with representation in the House of Representatives based on population |
| the power of initiating all revenue bills and of impeaching officials | Powers of the House |
| Powers of the House | the power of initiating all revenue bills and of impeaching officials |
| the responsibility for ratifying all treaties, for confirming important presidential nominations, and for trying impeached officials | Powers of the Senate |
| Powers of the Senate | the responsibility for ratifying all treaties, for confirming important presidential nominations, and for trying impeached officials |
| How long to representivtives serve? | 2 years |
| reviews most bills coming from a House committee before they go to the full House. Each bill is given a “rule,” which schedules the bill on the calendar, allots time for debate | House Rules Committee |
| House Rules Committee | reviews most bills coming from a House committee before they go to the full House. Each bill is given a “rule,” which schedules the bill on the calendar, allots time for debate |
| Who appoints house members? | Speaker of the House |
| How long do senators serve? | 6 years |
| permits unlimited debate on a bill. In practice, this sometimes means that opponents of a bill may try to “talk it to death.” | filibuster |
| How can members halt a filibuster? | 60 members present and voting can halt a filibuster by invoking cloture (closure) on debate |
| (after the vice president) in the line to succeed a president who resigns, dies in office, or is impeached | Speaker of the House |
| Speaker of the House | (after the vice president) in the line to succeed a president who resigns, dies in office, or is impeached |
| plays a major role in making committee assignments; key role in appointing the party’s legislative leaders; exercises substantial control over which bills get assigned to which committees | Formal powers of the Speaker |
| Formal powers of the Speaker | plays a major role in making committee assignments; key role in appointing the party’s legislative leaders; exercises substantial control over which bills get assigned to which committees |
| The Speaker’s principal partisan ally; is responsible for rounding up votes on party legislation and for scheduling bills in the House | the majority leader |
| the majority leader | The Speaker’s principal partisan ally; is responsible for rounding up votes on party legislation and for scheduling bills in the House |
| work with the majority leader to round up votes and to report the views and complaints of the party rank-and-file back to the leadership. | Party whips |
| Party whips | work with the majority leader to round up votes and to report the views and complaints of the party rank-and-file back to the leadership. |
| organized (with a minority leader and whips), and is prepared to take over the key posts if it should win a majority | Minority party |
| Minority party | organized (with a minority leader and whips), and is prepared to take over the key posts if it should win a majority |
| Who is the president of Senate? | Vice President |
| When is the rare case where a VP can exersise power in Senate? | when their vote can break a tie |
| aided by the majority whips—is the position of real power and authority in the Senate | The Senate majority leader |
| The Senate majority leader | aided by the majority whips—is the position of real power and authority in the Senate |
| Most of the real work of Congress goes on in __________ | committees |
| _________ dominate congressional policymaking | Committees |
| 4 types of congressional committees | 1. standing committees 2. joint committees 3. conference committees 4. select committees |
| 1. standing committees 2. joint committees 3. conference committees 4. select committees | 4 types of congressional committees |
| permanent subject-matter committees, formed to handle bills in different policy areas | Standing committees |
| Standing committees | permanent subject-matter committees, formed to handle bills in different policy areas |
| study committees that exist in a few policy areas, with membership drawn from both the Senate and the House | Joint committees |
| Joint committees | study committees that exist in a few policy areas, with membership drawn from both the Senate and the House |
| formed to work out the differences when different versions of a bill are passed by the two houses. Membership is drawn from both houses | Conference committees |
| Conference committees | formed to work out the differences when different versions of a bill are passed by the two houses. Membership is drawn from both houses |
| temporary committees appointed for a specific (“select”) purpose, such as the Senate select committee that looked into Watergate | Select committees |
| Select committees | temporary committees appointed for a specific (“select”) purpose, such as the Senate select committee that looked into Watergate |
| “marked-up” bill | which must be sifted through and narrowed down by the committee process; (revised and rewritten) bill, submitted to the full House or Senate for consideration |
| which must be sifted through and narrowed down by the committee process; (revised and rewritten) bill, submitted to the full House or Senate for consideration | “marked-up” bill |
| the process of monitoring the bureaucracy and its administration of policy—is one of the checks Congress can exercise on the executive branch | Legislative oversight |
| Legislative oversight | the process of monitoring the bureaucracy and its administration of policy—is one of the checks Congress can exercise on the executive branch |
| Members seek committee assignments that will help them achieve three goals | 1. reelection 2. influence in Congress 3. the opportunity to make policy in areas they think are important |
| 1. reelection 2. influence in Congress 3. the opportunity to make policy in areas they think are important | Members seek committee assignments that will help them achieve three goals |
| grouping of members of Congress sharing some interest or characteristic | A caucus |
| A caucus | grouping of members of Congress sharing some interest or characteristic |
| analyzes the president’s budget and makes economic projections about the performance of the economy, the costs of proposed policies, and the economic effects of taxing and spending alternatives | The Congressional Budget Office (CBO) |
| The Congressional Budget Office (CBO) | analyzes the president’s budget and makes economic projections about the performance of the economy, the costs of proposed policies, and the economic effects of taxing and spending alternatives |
| represent the interests of their organization. They also can provide legislators with crucial information, and often can give assurances of financial aid in the next campaign | Lobbyists |
| Lobbyists | represent the interests of their organization. They also can provide legislators with crucial information, and often can give assurances of financial aid in the next campaign |
| largely neglected the need for an executive | Articles of Confederation |
| Articles of Confederation | largely neglected the need for an executive |
| agreed that the executive power should be vested in a single person to be called the president | The majority of the Framers |
| The majority of the Framers | agreed that the executive power should be vested in a single person to be called the president |
| a highly personal office: the personality of the individual who serves as president does make a difference | The presidency |
| The presidency | a highly personal office: the personality of the individual who serves as president does make a difference |
| Americans are of two minds about the presidency | 1. They want to believe in a powerful president—one who can do good. 2. Americans do not like concentrations of power; they are basically individualistic and skeptical of authority. |
| 1. They want to believe in a powerful president—one who can do good. 2. Americans do not like concentrations of power; they are basically individualistic and skeptical of authority. | Americans are of two minds about the presidency |
| a natural-born citizen at least 35 years old and must have resided in the United States for at least 14 years | Constitutional requirements for being president |
| Constitutional requirements for being president | a natural-born citizen at least 35 years old and must have resided in the United States for at least 14 years |
| Twenty-second Amendment | (ratified in 1951) limits them to a maximum of two terms or 10 years |
| (ratified in 1951) limits them to a maximum of two terms or 10 years | Twenty-second Amendment |
| the political equivalent of an indictment in criminal law | Impeachment |
| Impeachment | the political equivalent of an indictment in criminal law |
| “Treason, Bribery, or other high Crimes and Misdemeanors.” | Reasons The House of Representatives may impeach the president |
| Reasons The House of Representatives may impeach the president | “Treason, Bribery, or other high Crimes and Misdemeanors.” |
| Requirements for impeaching a president | simple majority vote of the House |
| simple majority vote of the House | Requirements for impeaching a president |
| heard first by the House Judiciary Committee or by a select committee, which makes recommendations to the full House | Impeachment charges |
| Impeachment charges | heard first by the House Judiciary Committee or by a select committee, which makes recommendations to the full House |
| If the House votes for impeachment, the accused president will be tried by the ___________ | Senate |
| The ______ ______ of the ______ _______ presides when a president is being tried for impeachment | Chief Justice of the Supreme Court |
| the ______ ______ will preside if a civil officer other than the president has been impeached | Vice President |
| Vote required to convict and remove the president | Senate 2/3rds vote of the senators present |
| Senate 2/3rds vote of the senators present | Vote required to convict and remove the president |
| Voted to be impeached in 1974 on the case of the Watergate scandal | Richard Nixon |
| Richard Nixon | Voted to be impeached in 1974 on the case of the Watergate scandal |
| 3 presidents who have been impeached | 1. Andrew Johnson 2. Bill Clinton 3. Donald Trump |
| 1. Andrew Johnson 2. Bill Clinton 3. Donald Trump | 3 presidents who have been impeached |
| clarified some of the Constitution’s vagueness about presidential disability and succession | The Twenty-fifth Amendment |
| The Twenty-fifth Amendment | clarified some of the Constitution’s vagueness about presidential disability and succession |
| The Twenty-fifth Amendment | permits the vice president to become acting president if the vice president and the president’s cabinet determine that the president is disabled or if the president declares his own disability |
| permits the vice president to become acting president if the vice president and the president’s cabinet determine that the president is disabled or if the president declares his own disability | The Twenty-fifth Amendment |
| “Designated Survivors” | If a mass-casualty event were to occur they would ensure continuity of government |
| If a mass-casualty event were to occur they would ensure continuity of government | “Designated Survivors” |
| National security powers of president | (1) Commander in chief of the armed forces; (2) Make treaties with other nations, subject to the agreement of two-thirds of the Senate; (3) Nominate ambassadors, with the agreement of a majority of the Senate. (4) Receive ambassadors of other nations |
| (1) Commander in chief of the armed forces; (2) Make treaties with other nations, subject to the agreement of two-thirds of the Senate; (3) Nominate ambassadors, with the agreement of a majority of the Senate. (4) Receive ambassadors of other nations | National security powers of president |
| Legislative powers of president | (1) Give info on state of union address (2) Legislation recommendations (3) Convey both houses (4) Adjourn Congress if needed (5) Veto legislation |
| (1) Give info on state of union address (2) Legislation recommendations (3) Convey both houses (4) Adjourn Congress if needed (5) Veto legislation | Legislative powers of president |
| Administrative powers of the president | (1) Make sure laws be executed (2) Appoint officials (3) Request official opinions (4) Fill congressional vacancies |
| (1) Make sure laws be executed (1) Make sure laws be executed (2) Appoint officials (3) Request official opinions (4) Fill congressional vacancies | Administrative powers of the president |
| Judicial powers of president | (1) Grant pardons (2) Appoint federal judges |
| (1) Grant pardons (2) Appoint federal judges | Judicial powers of president |
| informal; usually filled by the spouse of the President; responsible for hosting at the White House; expanded in modern times; often targeting a specific policy | First Lady |
| First Lady | informal; usually filled by the spouse of the President; responsible for hosting at the White House; expanded in modern times; often targeting a specific policy |
| the group of presidential advisors; expanded by by asking Congress to create new executive departments | The cabinet |
| The cabinet | the group of presidential advisors; expanded by by asking Congress to create new executive departments |
| loosely grouped collection of offices and organizations includes three major policymaking bodies units serving the president | The Executive Office of the President |
| The Executive Office of the President | loosely grouped collection of offices and organizations includes three major policymaking bodies units serving the president |
| 3 bodies of The Executive Office of the President | 1. National Security Council 2. Council of Economic Advisors 3. Office of Management and Budget |
| 1. National Security Council 2. Council of Economic Advisors 3. Office of Management and Budget | 3 bodies of The Executive Office of the President |
| Informs presidnt on security measures, advises president on foreign/domestic threats | National Security Council |
| National Security Council | Informs presidnt on security measures, advises president on foreign/domestic threats |
| Council of Economic Advisors | Advise president on economic control; helps president make policy on economic matters |
| Advise president on economic control; helps president make policy on economic matters | Council of Economic Advisors |
| Responsible in preparing presidents budget; helps review proposals for Congress, access budget on actions if proposals are passed | Office of Management & Budget |
| Office of Management & Budget | Responsible in preparing presidents budget; helps review proposals for Congress, access budget on actions if proposals are passed |
| key aides the president sees daily—the chief of staff, congressional liaison people, press secretary, national security advisor, and a few other administrative political assistants | The White House staff |
| The White House staff | key aides the president sees daily—the chief of staff, congressional liaison people, press secretary, national security advisor, and a few other administrative political assistants |
| emphasize the executive’s importance in the legislative process to show how the president is a major shaper of the congressional agenda | Chief legislator |
| Chief legislator | emphasize the executive’s importance in the legislative process to show how the president is a major shaper of the congressional agenda |
| Presidents with higher approval ratings | More likely to better influence on policy debates in Congress & America |
| More likely to better influence on policy debates in Congress & America | Presidents with higher approval ratings |
| Constitutionally, the president has the leading role in American defense and foreign policy often termed ______ _____ | Chief Diplomat |
| Crisis that happens which makes Americans more patrioitc, shortly increasing the presidents overall approval rate | Ralley Events |
| Ralley Events | Crisis that happens which makes Americans more patrioitc, shortly increasing the presidents overall approval rate |
| Conducts daily press briefings, giving prepared announcements and answering questions | The president’s press secretary |
| The president’s press secretary | Conducts daily press briefings, giving prepared announcements and answering questions |
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