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Anatomy Unit 13
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Sensory Receptors | - recieve info from internal/external environments for each sense - each receptor is particularly sensitive to a distinct kind of environmental change - can be ends of neuron (dendrite) or other types of cells - stimulation generates action potential |
| Types of sensory receptor | sight - light hearing - sounds Taste - food chemicals touch - pain, pressure, etc Smell - chemicals from odors |
| Sight - light | photoreceptors |
| External anatomy of the eye | - sclera - extraocular muscles - optic nerve (cranial nerve II) - cornea - Iris - Pupil |
| Sclera | - the "white" of the eye, tough wall of the eyeball |
| Optic nerve (Cranial nerve II) | - Carry axons from retina, from the back of the eye, to the base of the brain - how images get to the brain |
| Extraocular muscles | 3 pairs of muscles that move eye inside eye socket |
| Cornea | - glassy transparent external surface that covers the pupil and iris - helps focus entering light rays |
| Iris | - surrounds pupil - gives eyes its color |
| Pupil | hole or opening in eye that allows light to enter and reach the retina |
| Anatomy of the eye | - vitreous humor - aqueous humor - lens - retina - optic disc - fovea (mascula) |
| Humor = | fluid in the eye |
| Vitreous humor | - watery fluid in between the lens and retina - it's pressure serves to keep the eyeball spherical |
| Aqueous Humor | - watery fluid that lies between cornea and lens - provides nutrients and maintains the shape of the front of the eye |
| Lens | - located behind iris - focuses light entering eye |
| Retina | - located in the back of the eye - contains photoreceptor cells - converts light energy into nerve impulses to go to brain |
| Optic disc | - where the optic nerve attaches - where blood vessels originate from - cannot see here - there are no photoreceptors AND blood vessels block other photoreceptors |
| Fovea (macula) | - small indention in macula - produces sharpest vision |
| A person sees an object in one of two ways | - the object is giving off light (neon sign) - light waves from another source are reflecting off of it into your eye (tree, water, table) |
| Seeing an object | light waves enter the eye and an image of what is seen focuses on retina |
| Light refraction | - light rays must bend to be focused - lens with convex surface = light waves converge - lens with concave surface = light waves diverge |
| Physiology: the cornea and refraction | - cornea is convex, providing 75% of refractive power to the eye - light is refracted again by the convex surface of the lens - aqueous and vitreous fluids also refract light |
| 2 jobs for fluid in eye | give shape to eye refract light entering eye |
| 4 things that refract light | - cornea - aqueous humor - lens - vitreous humor - focus the image directly on your retina |
| Image formation | - normal eye shape - light waves are focused sharply on retina - image on retina is upside down and reversed from left to right - visual cortex (in occipital lobe) corrects this |
| photoreceptors | - sensory receptors that pick up light - 125 million in 1 eye - pick up images and send to brain as nerve impulse - rods and cones |
| Rods | - more than cones - low resolution - 1000x more sensitive to light - gray, black, white - peripheral vision - coarse resolution |
| cones | - shorter - deal with color - daytime - sharpest vision - red, green, blue |
| Retina regional differences (fovea) | - located on retina, center of eye - all eyes - sharpest region - view something in detail: move your eyes so they put important part of image on fovea |
| Retina regional differences (rest of retina) | - peripheral area of retina - why there are more rods - why seeing things at side (periphery) are blurry |
| Right vs left brain | - right retinas of both go to right brain - left retinas of both go to left brain |
| blind spot | - where optic disc is - no photoreceptors - cannot see at this spot - brain takes info and other eye puts image in it's place |
| Disorders | normal eye: image focuses directly on retina eye too long: myopia: nearsighted: image is in front of retina eye to short: hyperopia: farsighted: image is behind retina astigmatism: some areas of cornea are distorted |
| Touch - pain, pressure, temperature | various receptors |
| Primary somatosensory cortex | - postcentral gyrus of parietal lobe - interpret sensations of temperature, touch, pressure, pain - amount of space = proportionate to intricacy of body part |
| Touch receptors | free nerve endings messiness corpuscles pacinian corpuscles (found in dermis) |
| Free nerve endings | touch receptor simplest form |
| Meissner's corpuscles | touch receptor provide fine touch, such as distinguishing between two points |
| Pacinian corpuscles | touch receptor detect pressure, stretch, and vibration |
| Pain receptors | - free nerve endings in skin and internal tissue (except brain) - protect our bodies - stimulated when tissues are damaged - unpleasant feeling sent from brain |
| Pain receptors are called | nociceptors |
| thermoreceptors | -sensitive to temperature changes - can adapt to temperature with time |
| Warm receptors (thermoreceptors) | - sensitive to warm temperatures - gets too hot, nociceptors triggered, burning sensation |
| Cold receptors (thermoreceptors) | - sensitive to cold temperatures - gets too cold, nociceptors triggered, freezing sensation |
| Mechanoreceptors | sense mechanical forces |
| Proprioceptors (mechanoreceptors) | - located in muscles and tendons - detect body position - length and tension of skeletal muscles |
| Baroreceptors (mechanoreceptors) | - located in blood vessels - detect changes in blood pressure |
| chemoreceptors | - internal chemoreceptors - carotid bodies |
| internal chemoreceptors | - located in brain stem and blood vessels - detect changes in blood concentration of - oxygen - hydrogen - glucose |
| hearing - sounds - sensory receptors | hair cells |
| The ear does two important things | audition = sense of hearing need hearing to live and survive Vestibular system = sense of balance |
| 3 areas of the ear | outer, middle, inner |
| Outer ear anatomy | Auricles (pinna) - visible portion of ear - cartilage covered by skin - forms funnel External acoustic meatus: entrance to internal ear Tympanic membrane: eardrum |
| Middle ear anatomy | Ossicles - smallest bones in body - malleus (hammer) - attached to tympanic membrane - incus (anvil) - in middle - Stapes (stirrup) - fits in oval window (in membrane) Oval window - flat end of stapes Round Window - hole leadings to inner ear |
| Muscles in the ea (anatomy) | Two small skeletal muscles are attached to the ossicles - Controlled involuntarily Tensor Trympani - attached to malleus Stapedius - attached to stapes |
| Auditory (Eustachian) tube anatomy | - Connects each middle ear to the throat - this tube allows air to pass between tympanic membrane and mouth - helps maintain equal pressure on both sides of tympanic membrane |
| Inner ear anatomy | Cochlea - fluid filled spirals - contains apparatus for transforming the physical motion of the oval window membrane to a neuronal response Hair cells - hearing receptor cells Endolymph - fluid in cochlea - stimulates hair cells (VIII) |
| Ossicles Function | Connect from tympanic membrane to inner ear - amplification of sound - muscle tympanic reflex function - muscle contracts, pulls on bones, becomes rigid - prevents hearing loss/damage |
| Physiology of hearing part 1 | - auricle collects sound waves which travel through external acoustic meatus and causes tympanic membrane to vibrate - vibrations pass through malleus, incus, Stapes, amplifying/reducingg sounds |
| Physiology of hearing part 2 | - Stapes vibrates at oval window, endolymph fluid waves in inner ear and bend hair cells - impulses - VII nerve carries signals to primary auditory cortex (temporal lobe) |
| Functions of vestibular system | - monitors position and movement of head - gives sense of balance and equilibrium - helps coordinate movement of head and eyes - body posture Goes wrong: nausea and vertigo 2 types of equilibrium: static and dynamic |
| Static equilibrium | - sense the position of the head, maintaining stability and posture when the head and body are still - detect changes of head angle, linear acceleration of head - forward, backward, side to side |
| Vestibular labyrinth | - hair cells are located here for balance |
| Static equilibrium anatomy | - macula of utricle (saccula) - a membrane holds the otoliths (calcium carbonate crystals) - hair cells attach to the membrane - sensory nerves fibers of VIII transmits info to temporal lobe |
| Physiology of static equilibrium | - upright head - vertical hair cells - when the head bends, gravity stimulates hair cells of macula to respond. - tilts membrane of otoliths - stimulates nerve fibers - resulting nerve impulses travel to CNS by VIII to inform rest of body |
| Dynamic equilibrium | when the body moves or rotates, the organs detect such motion and aid in maintaining balance |
| Semicircular canals | - three bony semicircular canals lie at right angles - hair cells are clustered - filled with endolymph - attached to sensory fibers of VIII nerve |
| Physiology of dynamic equilibrium | when head spins, endolymph pushes on hair cells and bends them. This triggers a nerve impulse down VIII nerve |
| motion sickness | - eyes detect changes in posture that result from body movements - visual information is important in maintaining normal balance - mismatch between eyes and ears |
| Taste - food chemicals - sensory receptors | taste buds |
| Taste | - gustation - gustatory receptor cells - detect environmental chemicals - perceive flavor - body has ability to recognize nutrient deficiencies - chemical must be dissolved in saliva to be tasted |
| 5 main tastes | - salty - sweet - sour - bitter - umami (delicious) |
| How do we tell foods apart? | - each food has certain combo of basic tastes - most foods have distinictive flavor because of taste + smell - can't taste without smell - other senses contribute, texture, temperature - combo of taste, smell, feel |
| Tongue | - taste - other organs: palate, pharynx, epiglottis - 12 million specialized receptor cells on tongue - different parts of tongue are more sensitive to 5 tastes |
| Papillae | - small projections, shaped like pimples - what you feel on your tongue |
| Taste buds | - specialized organ of taste - each papillae has 100+ of these - on roof of mouth, cheek linings, pharynx walls - typical person has 2000-5000 |
| Taste cells | - each taste buds had 50-150 - sensory receptor |
| Nerve connections (taste) | - food needs certain level of concentration to be tasted - interwoven among taste cells is nerve fiber network - fire action potential - stimulated taste cell triggers impulse to medulla, then parietal lobe |
| Smell - chemical from odors - sensory receptors | olfactory |
| smell | - olfaction - help identify and enjoy foods - warn us of bad things - 20% are plesant |
| pheromones | - chemical releases that triggers natural behavioral response in another member of same species (animals) - reproductive behaviors - mark territories |
| Olfactory epithelium | we smell a yellowish, brown, small, thin sheet of cells high up the nasal cavity |
| Olfactory receptors cells | -Genuine neurons with their own axons that go to CNS - receptors continually grow, die, and regenerate - last about 4-8 weeks - 12 million |
| process of smelling | - chemicals enter nasal cavity, dissolve in mucus, stimulate olfactory receptors, causing depolarization of olfactory cells and sending nerve impulses - signals travel to olfactory bulbs then to temporal lobe for smell processing |
| Discriminate smells | - humans have about 350 million olfactory receptors in large olfactory epithelium zones, where cells with different genes are randomly distributed and vary in sensitivity - smell receptors adapt to new odors and stimuli quickly |
Created by:
Shannonnev0822