Major mineral strikes in Colorado (1858), Nevada (1859), Montana (1863), and the Black Hills (1874) that drew 100,000+ migrants to the Rocky Mountains.

Granted 160-acre land claims to citizens who improved the land for 5 years; hundreds of thousands claimed land.

About 70,000 Latter-Day Saints migrated (1846–1868) to escape persecution and settled in Utah Territory, creating supply points for travelers.

Industrial demand for leather led to killing 10+ million bison; only hundreds remained by the 1880s, devastating Native life.

Conflict between Dakota Sioux and U.S. forces.

Sand Creek Massacre (1864)

U.S. troops killed Cheyenne and Arapaho villagers in Colorado.

Created Indian Peace Commission; Protestant churches managed reservations; aimed to “civilize” through assimilation.

Missionaries imposed gender roles, forced agricultural labor, used boarding schools, and destroyed tribal traditions.

Track mileage expanded from 9,000 (1850) to 190,000 (1900); Transcontinental Railroad completed in 1869; relied heavily on Chinese labor; Chicago became western hub.

Government Railroad Subsidies

Over 175 million acres granted to railroad companies.

Long-distance movement of Texas cattle to Kansas/Missouri/Nebraska markets in the 1860s–70s.

End of Cattle Drive Era

Railroads reached Texas in the 1880s, making long drives unnecessary.

Divided reservations into individual family homesteads, destroying collective tribal land ownership.

Allotted land couldn’t be sold for 25 years.

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The West

Question	Answer
Gold & Silver Rushes	Major mineral strikes in Colorado (1858), Nevada (1859), Montana (1863), and the Black Hills (1874) that drew 100,000+ migrants to the Rocky Mountains.
Homestead Act (1862)	Granted 160-acre land claims to citizens who improved the land for 5 years; hundreds of thousands claimed land.
Mormon Migration	About 70,000 Latter-Day Saints migrated (1846–1868) to escape persecution and settled in Utah Territory, creating supply points for travelers.
Bison Slaughter	Industrial demand for leather led to killing 10+ million bison; only hundreds remained by the 1880s, devastating Native life.
Dakota War (1862)	Conflict between Dakota Sioux and U.S. forces.
Sand Creek Massacre (1864)	U.S. troops killed Cheyenne and Arapaho villagers in Colorado.
Peace Policy (1868)	Created Indian Peace Commission; Protestant churches managed reservations; aimed to “civilize” through assimilation.
Cultural Assault	Missionaries imposed gender roles, forced agricultural labor, used boarding schools, and destroyed tribal traditions.
Railroad Revolution	Track mileage expanded from 9,000 (1850) to 190,000 (1900); Transcontinental Railroad completed in 1869; relied heavily on Chinese labor; Chicago became western hub.
Government Railroad Subsidies	Over 175 million acres granted to railroad companies.
Cattle Drives	Long-distance movement of Texas cattle to Kansas/Missouri/Nebraska markets in the 1860s–70s.
End of Cattle Drive Era	Railroads reached Texas in the 1880s, making long drives unnecessary.
Dawes Act (1887)	Divided reservations into individual family homesteads, destroying collective tribal land ownership.
25-Year Trust Period	Allotted land couldn’t be sold for 25 years.

Created by: Landon02Ham

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