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PSYCHOLOGY OF PERSON
exam 1
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Personality Psychology | The psychological study of the whole person. |
| In the 'Person as Actor' perspective, what is provided by personality traits? | An initial 'outline' or 'sketch' of an individual's profile. |
| Person as Actor | The perspective viewing personality as a broad and characteristic way a person acts, feels, and thinks. |
| What specific components of personality are the focus of the 'Person as Motivated Agent' perspective? | Characteristic beliefs, values, plans, and goals. |
| At what age range does the 'Motivated Agent' perspective typically develop to help achieve specific goals? | Between the ages of 5 and 7. |
| The internalized and evolving story a person creates to make sense of their life is known as _____ identity. | Narrative |
| When do individuals typically begin to address questions of identity unity and purpose as an 'Autobiographical Author'? | Emerging adulthood (ages 16 to 30). |
| Emerging Adulthood | The life period (ages 16-30) when individuals seek to understand their life's overall meaning and sense of purpose. |
| What is the primary purpose of Narrative Identity? | To provide the individual's life with a sense of unity and purpose. |
| Life Story Theme: Agency | A theme focusing on the protagonist's drive for influence, mastery, and control over their environment. |
| Life Story Theme: Communion | A theme centering on the protagonist's desire for interpersonal connection and warm, close relationships. |
| Redemptive Sequence | A narrative pattern where a negative story plot turns positive, involving transformation after suffering or failure. |
| Contamination Sequence | A narrative pattern where a positive story plot turns negative, such as a great experience being ruined or lost. |
| In the general steps of science, what is the goal of 'Unsystematic Observation'? | To identify patterns of behavior and attempt to explain how they work through close watching. |
| Personality Theory | A group of related statements and organized beliefs used to explain real-life observations and human nature. |
| In a correlational research design, how do variables behave in a 'Negative Correlation'? | As one variable increases, the other variable decreases. |
| What is the 'Crucial Limitation' of correlational research? | Correlation does not imply causation. |
| Which research design is specifically intended to establish cause-and-effect relationships? | Experimental research design. |
| Independent Variable | The variable that the researcher actively manipulates or changes in an experiment. |
| Dependent Variable | The response or outcome measured to see the effect of the manipulated independent variable. |
| Gordon Allport's 'Unified Sense of Self' | The belief that individuals possess an internalized, unified self that guides their development and influences behavior. |
| According to Allport, why is human behavior not perfectly consistent despite the influence of traits? | Because the environment also plays a major role in shaping behavior. |
| Natural Selection | The evolutionary mechanism where nature selects organisms with advantages that promote longer life and more offspring. |
| Inclusive Fitness | The sum of an organism's own genetic success plus the reproductive success of close relatives who share the same genes. |
| Environment of Evolutionary Adaptedness (EEA) | The Pleistocene era (1.6 million to 10,000 years ago) during which early human ancestors evolved. |
| Attachment Theory | The intense emotional bond forming between an infant and caregiver that provides a secure base for exploration. |
| What is considered a critical factor for an infant developing a secure attachment to a caregiver? | Parental sensitivity (responding to cues, showing affection, and being attentive). |
| Social Referencing | The process where infants 'read' the emotional reactions of caregivers to determine how to respond to uncertain situations. |
| The human tendency to affiliate with others specifically during times of stress or danger is called _____. | Tend and befriend |
| Unrestricted Mating Approach | An evolved strategy, often used by males, aiming to produce as many offspring as possible. |
| Restricted Mating Approach | An evolved strategy, often used by females, limiting the number of offspring to ensure higher investment. |
| Psychology of Social Dominance | A system where social status is gained through aggression, threat, and intimidation. |
| Psychology of Prestige | A system where social status is earned through expertise and knowledge without coercion. |
| What was the fundamental belief behind B.F. Skinner's utopian society in 'Walden Two'? | That changing the environment will lead to a change in negative human behaviors. |
| John Watson's Redefinition of Psychology | The shift to the scientific study of observable behavior rather than internal mental states. |
| In Classical Conditioning, what is the 'Unconditioned Stimulus' (UCS)? | A natural stimulus that automatically triggers a response without prior learning. |
| Conditioned Stimulus (CS) | A previously neutral stimulus that triggers a response after being paired with an unconditioned stimulus. |
| What does 'Stimulus Generalization' refer to in the 'Little Albert' study? | The occurrence of a learned fear response to stimuli that are similar to the original conditioned stimulus. |
| Reinforcement | Any consequence of a behavior that increases the likelihood that the behavior will recur. |
| Negative Reinforcement | Increasing a behavior by removing or withdrawing an aversive (unpleasant) stimulus. |
| Negative Punishment | Decreasing a behavior by removing or withdrawing a pleasant stimulus. |
| Extinction | The decrease in a previously reinforced behavior when it is no longer followed by reinforcement. |
| Shaping (Successive Approximation) | The decrease in a previously reinforced behavior when it is no longer followed by reinforcement. |
| According to Bandura, is direct reinforcement necessary for learning to occur? | No, learning can occur through observation alone. |
| Vicarious Reinforcement | Learning that occurs when an observer sees a model's behavior being reinforced by others. |
| Exosystem (Bioecological Model | Social structures that indirectly influence an individual by affecting one of their immediate contexts (e.g., a parent's workplace). |
| Cultural Collectivism | A system that values in-group interests and community goals over personal |
| Trait Attributions | Labels or descriptors used to account for human individuality and predict |
| What are the two great challenges of social life according to Hogan (1982)? | 1. Getting along and 2. Getting ahead. |
| Mimesis | The process of conveying personality traits through nonverbal communication, |
| Expressive Accuracy | Behavior that is authentic and true to a person's internal dispositional traits. |
| Mischel's Situational Critique | The theory that traits are 'fictions' and that people do not behave consistently across different situations. |
| What was the final agreement that settled the trait-situation debate by 1990? | Traits and situations interact with each other to influence behavior. |
| Reliability (Personality Scales) | The consistency of a measure, often assessed through test-retest methods or internal consistency. |
| Construct Validity | The extent to which a test actually measures the abstract concept it claims to measure. |
| Social Desirability | The tendency of participants to present themselves in a 'good light' to sustain a favorable reputation. |
| Openness to Experience | A trait characterized by seeking new experiences and fluid thought styles (Original/Creative vs. Conventional). |
| Conscientiousness | A trait involving the control of behavior to achieve goals (Reliable/Organized vs. Undependable/Disorganized). |
| Neuroticism | A tendency toward emotional distress, troublesome urges, and worrying. |
| Temperament | Early-arriving, biologically-based differences in emotional expression and regulation. |
| What early-emerging emotionality in babies serves as the developmental precursor to Extraversion? | Positive emotionality (cheerful, lively, and consistently positive moods). |
| In terms of learning styles, what do Extraverts typically prioritize? | Speed over accuracy. |
| Dopamine | A neurotransmitter associated with reward-seeking behavior and the 'wanting' (anticipation) of rewards. |
| Behavioral Approach System (BAS) | Brain structures (striatum, nucleus accumbens, medial orbitofrontal cortex) that arouse an individual to move toward goals for rewards. |
| Threshold of Transmarginal Inhibition | The point at which increasing stimulus intensity leads to a decrease in response as the nervous system inhibits itself. |
| According to Eysenck, how does the Reticular Activating System (RAS) differ in Introverts compared to Extraverts? | Introverts have an RAS set at a higher level, requiring them to restrain behavior to avoid over-arousal. |
| What does Rebecca Shiner (2019) identify as the fundamental core of High Neuroticism? | Being 'stressed out,' including strong reactions to stressors or feeling stressed when no stressors are present. |
| Behavioral Inhibition System (BIS) | A system involving the amygdala that alerts individuals to potential threats, leading to withdrawal and anxiety. |
| When does the Fight-Flight-Freeze System (FFFS) go into action? | When an individual is confronted with an immediate threat to survival. |
| Approach-Avoidance Conflict | A state of being simultaneously attracted to and repelled by the same goal or activity. |
| Avoidance-Avoidance Conflict | Definition: A situation requiring a choice between two negative or undesirable alternatives. |
| In the Big Five, which trait describes individuals who are soft-hearted and forgiving? | Agreeableness. |
| Inclusive fitness can be achieved directly by producing biological offspring or _____ by promoting the well-being of relatives. | Indirectly |
| Big Five | openness to experience, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism. |
| Inclusive fitness can be achieved directly by producing biological offspring or _____ by promoting the well-being of relatives. | Applying an aversive stimulus following a behavior to decrease the likelihood of that behavior recurring. |
| extraversion | how much you get your energy from the external world, especially through social interaction, and how you engage with people and activities |
| agreeableness | characterized by compassion, cooperativeness, and a concern for social harmony. |
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