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Taxonomy & Evolution
Biology
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| taxonomy | the science of naming and classifying organisms based on shared characteristics and universal rules |
| binomial nomenclature | each species is given a two part scientific name written as Genus species |
| Linnaean classification | a system that sorts all living things into hierarchical categories based on shared characteristics from most general to most specific (Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species) |
| evolutionary classification | phylogeny, groups species into larger categories that reflect lines of evolutionary descent |
| cladogram | a diagram that links groups of organisms by showing current hypotheses about how evolutionary lines, or lineages, branched off from common ancestors |
| derived characters | shared DNA shown on a cladogram, indicate evolutionary relationships |
| Darwin's observation | species vary globally, species vary locally, species vary over time |
| artificial selection | variations that are selected and bred for to create offspring with specific traits |
| natural selection | the process by which organisms with variations suited to their local environment survive and produce offspring |
| adaptation | random, genetic traits that are better fit for the current environment |
| fitness | how well an organism can survive and reproduce in its environment |
| descent with modification | all species, living and extinct, are derived from ancient common ancestors and exhibit diversity due to natural selection and adaptation |
| molecular clock | shows the rate of evolutionary changes in organisms, a“tick” on the clock is a mutation or recombination of DNA |
| biogeography | closely related species can evolve diverse adaptations in similar environments and that distantly related species can evolve similar adaptations in similar environments |
| homologous structures | similar structures shared by related species with different uses |
| analogous structures | similar uses by different, unrelated species |
| vestigial structures | structures inherited by ancestors that have lost size and function |
| embryology | early developmental stages of vertebrate are very similar |
| gradualism | slow, steady evolution that occurs in a stable environment |
| punctuated equilibrium | brief periods of rapid change where existing species change and new species appear due to interruptions in the environment |
| founder effect | a type of genetic drift occurring when a small, isolated group separates from a larger population to establish a new one |
| bottleneck effect | a sharp reduction in a population's size, usually caused by environmental disasters resulting in less genetic diverse |
| adaptive radiation | one species evolves into several distinct species due to migrations, extinctions that eliminate competition, or the increased availability of resources |
| convergent evolution | when unrelated organisms evolve similar adaptations due to similar environments |
| coevolution | occurs when two or more species are so closely ecologically connected that they evolve in response to changes in each other |
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