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Microbio L3
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Prokaryotic Cell Size | Most between 0.5-2um |
| Larger cells have difficulty doing what? | absorbing enough nutrients |
| Coccus (plural cocci): | sphere |
| Bacillus (plural bacilli): | rod |
| Chains- | strep |
| Clusters- | staph |
| Binary fission: | prokaryotic cell division A simpler mitosis Highly connected with DNA replication Speed influenced by nutrients and stress |
| Key thing to know about Binary fission? | Leads to identical genetic information!! NO genetic variation!!!! |
| Plasma Membrane | Composed of phospholipids and proteins Lipids for structure, proteins for function (transport) Critical for maintaining gradient |
| Best way to kill a prokaryote? | poking holes in its membrane! |
| More saturated = | more rigid |
| More unsaturated = | less rigid |
| What are a prokaryotes cell wall composed of? | peptidoglycan |
| Gram+ | take up the purple stain 1 membrane with thick layer of peptidoglycan Teichoic acid to anchor More resistance to drying out (cuz of the thick peptidoglycan) |
| Gram- | dont take up the purple stain 2 plasma membranes with thin peptidoglycan between LPS on outer layer Periplasm in between More resistant to toxins (membrane selectivity) |
| Other Cell Walls: | Mycobacterium |
| Glycocalyx: | polysaccharide coatings outside the cell wall |
| Glycocalyx facts | Loose association= slime layer Tight association= capsule Associated with pathogenicity Sticky (can stick to certain tissues) Defensive (avoid the immune system) Can differ by strain |
| Diffusion: | movement down a concentration gradient No energy needed |
| Simple diffusion | Small, uncharged molecules move freely across the membrane |
| Facilitated diffusion | Larger, charged molecules require transport proteins to cross the membrane |
| Osmosis | Movement of water into and out of cells |
| Hypo- | Swells. Too much in. Lysis |
| Iso- | Just right |
| Hyper- | Shrivels. It's all leaving. Crenates |
| Active Transport | Uses energy to move molecules against their concentration gradient Primary: uses ATP energy to pump |
| Symport: | both in same direction |
| Antiport: | both in opposite directions |
| Rotary Flagella | propeller tail, spend ATP to spin and move Tail made of flagellin, with ring motors for anchoring/spinning Allows for movement (taxis) Direction controlled with protein sensor |
| Chemotaxis: | dependent on a chemical |
| Phototaxis: | dependent on light |
| Aerotaxis: | dependent on oxygen |
| Stopping Movement ? | Fimbrae: short hairs, with adhesive proteins on end Pili: slightly longer hollow hairs, increase friction Can also be shaken to cause twitching motility |
| Nucleoid: | densely compacted DNA genome Usually one circular chromosome |
| Prokaryotic Ribosomes | Making proteins SMALLER than in eukaryotes |
| Inclusion Bodies: | storage for some molecule, usually a nutrient Example: glycogen |
| Endospores | Dormant structures that can reactivate under good conditions to create viable cells Resistant to heat, cold, drying, radiation, and chemicals Allows pathogens to survive for long time to spread |
| How do you get rid of endospores? | A way to get rid of spores can be bleach or peroxide Antibiotics don't typically work on spores because spores are not usually active, and antibiotics only work on active pathogens |
| 3 differences in prokaryotes and eukaryotes | Inclusion bodies in prokaryotes Endospores in prokaryotes Smaller ribosomes in prokaryotes |
Created by:
liladdoyle