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Chap. 7 Respiratory
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Nose | exchanges air during inhaling and exhaling; warms, moisturizes, and filters inhaled air |
| Sinuses | Produce mucus for the nasal cavities, make bones of the skull lighter, and aid in sound production |
| Pharynx | Transports air back and forth between the nose and and trachea |
| Larynx | makes speech possible |
| Epiglottis | closes off the trachea during swallowing |
| Trachea | transports air back and forth between the pharynx and the bronchi |
| Bronchi | Transports air from the trachea into the lungs |
| Alveoli | air sacs that exchange gases with the pulmonary capillary blood |
| Lungs | Bring oxygen into the body, and remove carbon dioxide and some water waste from the body |
| bronchi/o bronch/o | bronchial tubes, bronchus |
| laryng/o | larynx, throat |
| nas/o | nose |
| ox/i oxy/o | oxygen |
| pharyng/o | throat, pharynx |
| phon/o | sound, voice |
| pleur/o | pleura, side of the body |
| -pnea | breathing |
| pneum/o | lung, air |
| pulm/o pulmon/o | lung |
| sinus/o | sinus |
| somn/o | sleep |
| spir/o | to breathe |
| thorac/o | chest, pleural cavity |
| trach/o trachea | windpipe |
| Function of the respiratory system | supplies the blood with oxygen for transportation to the cells in all parts of the body |
| Portions of the upper respiratory tract | nose (nostrils), mouth, pharynx, epiglottis, larynx, and trachea |
| Portions of the lower respiratory tract | bronchial tree and lungs |
| Nasal Septum | wall of cartilage that divides the nose into 2 equal sections |
| Cilia | thin hairs located inside the nostrils, filter air to remove debris |
| Mucous membrane | specialized tissue that lines the nose, digestive, reproductive, and urinary systems, other parts of the respiratory system |
| Mucus | slippery secretion produced by the mucous membrane that protects and lubricates these tissue |
| Function of the tonsils and adenoids | help protect the body from infection coming through the nose or the mouth |
| Paranasal sinuses | air-filled cavities lined with mucous membrane, are located in the bones of the skull |
| Three functions of the sinuses | 1. Make the bones of the skull lighter 2. Help produce sound by giving resonance to the voice 3. Produce mucus to provide lubrication for the tissues of the nasal cavity |
| Pharynx | receives the air after it passes through the nose or mouth, as well as foods. |
| Larynx | triangular chamber between the pharynx and trachea, contains vocal cords |
| Vocal cords | During breathing, the cords are separated to let air pass. During speech, close together, and sound is produced as air is expelled |
| Trachea | transport air to and from the lungs |
| Bronchi | 2 large tubes, branch from the trachea and convey air into the 2 lungs |
| Bronchioles | smallest branches of the bronchi |
| Alveoli | small grape like clusters at end of bronchiole, where the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide takes place |
| Lungs | essential organs of respiration, divided into lobes |
| Right lung | larger, has 3 lobes (upper, middle, lower) |
| Left lung | 2 lobes (upper and lower), space restricted because of the heart |
| Pleura | Thin, moist, and slippery membrane that covers the outer surface of the lungs and lines the inner surface of thoracic cavity |
| Parietal pleura | outer layer of the pleura |
| Visceral pleura | inner layer of pleura that covers each lung |
| Pleural cavity | thin, fluid-filled space between the parietal and visceral pleural membrane |
| Diaphragm | dome-shaped sheet of muscle that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdomen, makes breathing possible |
| Respiration | the breathing is the exchange of oxygen for carbon dioxide that is essential for life |
| Inhalation | taking in air into your lungs due to your diaphragm contracting and pulling air into your lungs |
| Exhalation | breathing out by the diaphragm relaxing and moving upwards forcing air out of your lungs |
| Otolaryngologist | Known as an ENT, a physician with specialized training in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases and disorders of the head and neck |
| Pulmonologist | A physician specializing and treating diseases and disorders of the respiratory system |
| Thoracic surgeon | performs operations on the organs inside the thorax or chest, including the heart, lungs, and esophagus |
| Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) | a group of lung diseases in which the bronchial airflow is obstructed, making it hard to breathe. COPD is often caused by long term smoking |
| Chronic Bronchitis | a disease in which the airways have become inflamed due to recurrent exposure to an inhaled irritant, cigarette smoke causes chronic coughing and difficulty getting air in and out of lungs |
| Emphysema | Progressive, long term loss of lung function, usually due to smoking |
| What does emphysema cause? | Decreased number of alveoli, enlargement of the remaining alveoli, and progressive destruction of the walls of the alveoli |
| Allergic Rhinitis | Due to allergy, is an allergic reaction to airborne allergens that causes an increased flow of mucus |
| Influenza | acute, highly contagious viral infection characterized by respiratory inflammation, fever, chills, muscle pain, spread by respiratory droplets |
| Pertussis (whooping cough) | contagious bacterial infection of the upper respiratory tract has recurrent bouts of paroxysmal cough, then breathlessness and noisy inspiration |
| Epistaxis | bleeding from the nose that may be caused by dry air or injury |
| Rhinorrhea | rhino = nose, rrhea = abnormal discharge |
| Sinusitis | sinus = sinus, itis = inflammation |
| Pharyngitis (sore throat) | pharyng = pharynx, itis = inflammation, commonly a symptom of a cold, flu, or sinus infection |
| Asphonia | the loss of the ability of the larynx to produce normal speech sounds (A = without, Phon = sound/voice, ia = abnormal condition) |
| Dysphonia | such as a boy's voice cracking during puberty (Dys = bad, phon = sound/voice, ia = abnormal condition) |
| Laryngitis | voice loss due to inflammation (laryng = larynx, itis = inflammation) |
| Pleurisy | inflammation of the pleura, the membranes that cover the lungs and line the pleural cavity |
| Pleurisy is caused by | trauma, tuberculosis, connective tissue disease, and infection |
| Hemothorax | collection of blood in the pleural cavity |
| Pneumothorax | accumulation of air in the pleural cavity |
| Atelectasis (collapsed lung) | the incomplete expansion of part or all of a lung due to a blockage of the air passages or pneumothorax |
| Pulmonary embolism | sudden blockage of a pulmonary artery by foreign matter or by an embolus that has formed in the leg or pelvic region |
| Tuberculosis | infectious disease that usually attacks the lungs |
| Common symptoms of tuberculosis | coughing up blood (hemoptysis), pleurisy |
| Aspiration pneumonia | can occur when a foreign substance, such as vomit, is inhaled into the lungs |
| Bacterial pneumonia | commonly caused by streptococcus pneumoniae, pneumococcal pneumonia only kind that can be prevented by vaccines |
| Walking pneumonia | milder, but longer-lasting form of the disease caused by the bacteria mycoplasma pneumoniae |
| Cystic fibrosis | a life-threatening genetic disorder in which the lungs and pancreas are clogged with large amounts of thickened mucus |
| results of cystic fibrosis | poor growth, damage to the lungs, nutritional deficiencies |
| Eupnea | normal breathing |
| Apnea | temporary absence of spontaneous respiration |
| Bradypnea | abnormally slow rate of respiration, usually less than 10 breaths per minute |
| Tachypnea | abnormally rapid rate of respiration usually of more than 20 breaths per minute |
| Dyspnea | shortness of breath (SOB) |
| Sleep apnea | breathing repeatedly stops and starts during sleep for long enough periods to cause a measurable decrease in blood oxygen levels |
| Expectoration | the act of coughing up and spitting out saliva, mucus, or other body fluid |
| Hemoptysis | the expectoration of blood/blood stained sputum derived from the lungs or bronchial tubes due to pulmonary or bronchial hemorrhage |
| Anoxia | absence of oxygen from the body's tissues and organs even though there is an adequate flow of blood |
| Hypoxia | deficient oxygen levels in the body's tissues and organs; less severe than anoxia |
| Asphyxia | the loss of consciousness that occurs when the body cannot get the oxygen it needs to function |
| Hypoxemia | having low oxygen levels in the blood, usually due to respiratory disorders or heart conditions |
| Bronchoscopy | a flexible, fiber optic device that is passed through the nose or mouth to the bronchial airways |
| Laryngoscopy | visual examination of the larynx and vocal cords using a flexible or rigid laryngoscope inserted through the mouth |
| Polysomnography (sleep study) | measures physiological activity during sleep and is often performed to detect nocturnal defects in breathing associated with sleep apnea |
| Spriometer | recording device that measures the amount of air inhaled or exhaled and the length of time required for each breath |
| Pulse oximeter | external monitor placed on the fingertip/earlobe to measure the oxygen saturation level in the blood |
| Endotracheal intubation | the passage of a tube through the mouth into the trachea to establish/maintain an open airway, especially when a patient is on a ventilator |
| Tracheostomy | surgical creation of a stoma into the trachea to insert a temporary/permanent tube to facilitate breathing |
| Laryngectomy | laryng = larynx, ectomy = surgical removal |
| tracheotomy | trache = trachea, otomy = surgical incision |
| pneumonectomy | surgical removal of a lung |
| Thoracentesis | surgical puncture of the chest wall with a needle to obtain fluid from the pleural cavity |
| CPAP | continuous positive airway pressure, is a noninvasive ventilation device used in the treatment of sleep apnea |
| BIPAP | bi-level positive airway pressure, like a CPAP machine, but it can be set at a higher pressure for inhaling and a lower pressure for exhaling |
| Br | chronic bronchitis |
| COPD | Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease |
| CF | cystic fibrosis |
| RF | respiratory failure |
| SIDS | sudden infant death syndrome |
| TB | tuberculosis |
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