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cells
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Cell | the smallest structural and functional unit of an organism, typically microscopic and consisting of cytoplasm and a nucleus enclosed in a membrane. Microscopic organisms typically consist of a single cell, which is either eukaryotic or prokaryotic. |
| Osmosis | the spontaneous passive transport of solvent molecules (usually water) through a semipermeable membrane from a region of lower solute concentration to a region of higher solute concentration |
| Cell Theory | a foundational, unifying principle in biology stating that all living organisms are composed of one or more cells, cells are the basic unit of structure and function in living things, and all cells arise from pre-existing cells. |
| Cell Wall | a rigid or semi-rigid, non-living, and permeable outer layer that surrounds the plasma membrane of plant, fungus, algae, and bacterial cells. |
| Cell Membrane | a thin, flexible, semipermeable barrier that surrounds all living cells, separating the cytoplasm from the external environment. |
| Nucleus | the positively charged central core of an atom, consisting of protons and neutrons and containing nearly all its mass. |
| Organelle | any of a number of organized or specialized structures within a living cell. |
| Ribosome | essential, non-membrane-bound molecular machines found in all living cells that synthesize proteins by translating messenger RNA (mRNA) into polypeptide chains. |
| Nucleic Acid | a complex organic substance present in living cells, especially DNA or RNA, whose molecules consist of many nucleotides linked in a long chain. |
| Selectively Permeable | a biological barrier, such as a cell membrane, that allows specific ions and molecules to pass through while restricting others. |
| Cytoplasm | the material or protoplasm within a living cell, excluding the nucleus. |
| Mitochondria | specialized, double-membrane-bound organelles found in the cytoplasm of most eukaryotic cells. |
| Endoplasmic Reticulum | a vast, interconnected network of membrane-enclosed sacs (cisternae) and tubules found in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells, extending from the nuclear membrane. |
| Golgi Apparatus | a membrane-bound eukaryotic organelle composed of stacked, flattened pouches called cisternae |
| Chloroplast | a specialized, double-membrane organelle (plastid) found in plant and algae cells that conducts photosynthesis. |
| Lysosome | an organelle in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells containing degradative enzymes enclosed in a membrane. |
| DNA | he molecule that carries the genetic instructions for the development, functioning, growth, and reproduction of all known organisms and many viruses. |
| Passive Transport | the, usually, passive movement of ions or molecules across a cell membrane from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration |
| Active Transport | the energy-dependent process by which cells move ions or molecules across a membrane against a concentration gradient—from areas of lower to higher concentration. |
| Diffusion | the action of spreading the light from a light source evenly so as to reduce glare and harsh shadows. |
| Tissue | any of the distinct types of material of which animals or plants are made, consisting of specialized cells and their products. |
| Organ | a part of an organism that is typically self-contained and has a specific vital function, such as the heart or liver in humans. |
| Organ System | a group of anatomically and functionally related organs that work together to perform specific, complex tasks essential for the survival of an organism. |
| Endocytosis | an active transport process where the plasma membrane folds inward, engulfing extracellular substances—such as nutrients, fluids, or pathogens—to form a membrane-bound vesicle, which then pinches off and moves into the cell's interior. |
| exocytosis | a process by which the contents of a cell vacuole are released to the exterior through fusion of the vacuole membrane with the cell membrane. |
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