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cell
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| cell | the basic structural, functional, and biological unit of all known living organisms. |
| Osmosis | the passive movement of water (a solvent) across a semipermeable membrane from a region of lower solute concentration (higher water concentration) to a region of higher solute concentration (lower water concentration) until equilibrium is reached |
| Cell Theory | a foundational, unifying principle in biology stating that all living things are composed of one or more cells, cells are the basic unit of structure and function in organisms, and all cells arise only from pre-existing cells |
| Cell Wall | a rigid, protective outer layer surrounding the cell membrane in plants, fungi, bacteria, and algae, providing structural support, shape, and protection against mechanical stress. |
| Cell Membrane | a thin, flexible, semipermeable barrier surrounding all living cells, separating their internal contents from the external environment. |
| Nucleus | the central, most important part of an object, most commonly the membrane-bound organelle in eukaryotic cells containing genetic material, or the dense, positively charged center of an atom containing protons and neutrons. |
| Organelle | a specialized, often membrane-bound, structural subunit within a cell that performs specific functions necessary for the cell's survival, growth, and maintenance, acting as a "little organ". |
| Ribosome | essential cellular, non-membrane-bound machines that synthesize proteins by translating genetic code from mRNA (messenger RNA) into amino acid chains. |
| Nucleic Acid | naturally occurring chemical compounds that serve as the primary information-carrying molecules in cells |
| Selectively Permeable | a barrier, like a cell membrane, allows specific molecules or ions to pass through while blocking others, acting as a gatekeeper to control entry and exit based on size, charge, and other properties |
| Cytoplasm | he jelly-like, gel-like, or fluid substance that fills the inside of both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, enclosed by the cell membrane |
| Mitochondria | specialized, membrane-bound organelles found in the cytoplasm of nearly all eukaryotic cells, acting as the "powerhouse of the cell". |
| Endoplasmic Reticulum | a vital, continuous membrane network within eukaryotic cells, acting as a "little net" (Latin translation) for protein synthesis, folding, modification, and transport. |
| Golgi Apparatus | a membrane-bound organelle found in most eukaryotic cells that acts as the cell's "post office" or manufacturing center. |
| Chloroplast | a specialized, double-membraned organelle found in plant and algae cells that acts as the site of photosynthesis. |
| Lysosome | a membrane-bound organelle found in eukaryotic cells that acts as the digestive system, breaking down waste materials, foreign invaders, and old cell parts using hydrolytic enzymes. |
| DNA | deoxyribonucleic acid |
| Passive Transport | the movement of ions and molecules across a cell membrane from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration, requiring no energy expenditure (ATP) by the cell. |
| Active Transport | the energy-requiring process of moving molecules or ions across a cell membrane from a region of lower concentration to higher concentration (against a concentration gradient) |
| Diffusion | the natural, passive movement of particles (atoms, ions, molecules) from an area where they are more concentrated to an area where they are less concentrated, driven by random molecular motion and kinetic energy, continuing until. |
| Tissue | a group of similar cells and their extracellular matrix that work together to perform a specific, specialized function in a multicellular organism |
| organ | In science, an organ is a distinct structural unit composed of a group of different tissues that work togethe. |
| Organ System | a group of anatomically related organs and tissues that work together to perform complex, specialized functions necessary for an organism's survival. |
| Endocytosis | the vital process where a cell membrane engulfs external substances (like nutrients, fluids, or particles) by folding inward, pinching off to form a membrane-bound vesicle or vacuole that brings these materials into the cell. |
| Exocytosis | the process where a cell expels large molecules or waste by enclosing them in a membrane-bound sac (vesicle) that moves to the cell's outer membrane, fuses with it, and releases the contents outside |
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