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Sociology Quiz
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Assimilation- | a pattern of relations between ethnic or racial groups in which the minority group is absorbed into the mainstream or majority group |
| A minority group is characterized by | powerlessness |
| A majority group is characterized by | social, economic, and political power |
| Forced assimilation- | a person or group is compelled to take on the practices of another culture |
| Unforced assimilation- | a person or group takes on the practices of another culture but is not forcibly compelled to do so |
| Ethnocentrism | A belief, attitude or mindset that holds that one’s own ethnic group is superior to all others |
| Hierarchy | a system where groups/individuals are ranked in the order of importance |
| Cultural Genocide- | the systematic destruction of traditions, values, language, and other elements that make one group of people distinct from another |
| Systemic Oppression | Goes beyond individual/personal feelings or lack of respect |
| What Is Sociology? | Sociology is the scientific study of human social life, groups, and societies |
| At the personal/micro level sociology investigates | the causes and consequences of such phenomena as romantic love, violence, personality, interpersonal power, identity, etc. |
| At the societal/macro level sociology examines | and explains poverty, crime rates, pollution, racism, sexism, cultural genocide, etc |
| At the global level sociology examines | and explains phenomena such as war, migrations, climate change, etc |
| The Sociological Imagination- | the ability to see the relationship between individual experiences (biography) and larger socio-historical forces (history) |
| Culture Shock: | the discovery of new and unsuspected side of human life in society |
| Society- | a group of people who live in a defined geographic area who interact and share a common culture |
| Society consists of | Patterns of behavior and relationships (social structures) and Shared ideas, language, values, beliefs (cultures) |
| Auguste Comte (1798-1857) | Responsible for coining the term “sociology” |
| Emile Durkheim (1858-1917) | Helped establish sociology as a formal academic discipline Focused on what held societies together |
| Karl Marx (1818-1883) | Views of society: a fundamental feature of society is that there is social conflict Concentrated on economic systems and social inequality |
| Max Weber (1864-1920) | Views society: the main feature of modern society is the rationalization of social and economic life By rationalization he means the application of an economic logic to all spheres of human activity |
| Theories are | a set of ideas that explain a range of human behaviors and a variety of social and societal events |
| Capitalism | An economic system where the means of production are largely or entirely privately owned (by individuals or companies) and operate for profit This system is guided by the pursuit of maximum profits at minimal costs |
| Conflict Theory | claims that society is in a state of perpetual conflict and competition for limited resources |
| “The Proletariat:” | low wealth, laboring classes (Amazon workers) |
| “The Bourgeoisie:” | wealthy, property owning employer (Jeff Bezos) |
| Minimum wage | The wage mandated by law, to keep employees above the poverty level in their area lowest legal pay rate that a company can offer |
| Living wage | The amount of income determined to provide a decent standard of living (food, rent, other necessities) |
| DuBois (1868-1963) | One of the most important african-american intellectuals of the first half of the 20th century He found the problem RACE |
| de Beauvoir | The main feature of modern society is the division of society and human beings along the lines of GENDER |
| Other- | treating groups as separate and subordinate, the dominant group |
| Women | the gendered other (de Beauvoir) |
| African Americans | the racial other (Dubois) |
| Proletariats | poor and working class: the economic other (Marx) |
| Social Stratification | Where members of a society are categorized and divided into groups which are then placed in a hierarchy Social stratification produces patterns of social inequality in society |
| Social Inequality | The unequal distribution of wealth, prestige, power among members in society |
| Cooper sees | race AND gender |
| Society consists of | Social Structures and Culture (these are also the 2 components to Macrosociology) |
| Sociological research | Sociologists question and analyze why things happen, how they happen and how they may affect human experience |
| Quantitative Research | Collects and analyzes numerical data to help understand social life Use large data bases Data/Statistical Analysis Answers the “how many” questions |
| Qualitative research: | Uses nonnumerical data to help understand social life Observations, interviews, photos, and recordings Discussion groups Answer the “why” question |
| Macrosociology | focuses on broad features of society Large scale societal and global issues |
| Microsociology | involves the study of people in face to face interaction Local, interpersonal issues on a small scale |
| What is culture? | Culture is the entire way of life for a group of people Culture consists of shared ideas, language, values, beliefs |
| Culture acts as | a lens through which we view the world |
| Material culture | Includes the objects associated with a cultural group such as food, clothing, cars, artwork, smartphones, buildings, computers People use these objects to define their culture |
| Nonmaterial/symbolic culture | Includes ways of thinking (beliefs, values, and assumptions) and ways of behaving (norms, interactions, and communication) It allows us to communicate through signs, gestures, and languages |
| Signs (or symbols) | such as a traffic signal or product logo, are used to meaningfully represent something else |
| Gestures- | the signs that we make with our body, such as hand gestures and facial expressions. These gestures carry meaning |
| Language- | a system of communication using vocal sounds, gestures, and written symbols This is probably the most significant component of culture because it allows us to communicate |
| Values are | shared beliefs about what a group considers worthwhile or desirable; ideas about right and wrong; good and bad |
| Norms are | formal and informal rules regarding what kinds of behavior are acceptable and appropriate within a culture |
| Norms can either be… | Formal, such as a law or the rules for playing soccer Informal, not written down and unspoken |
| What are the 3 types of norms? | 1. Folkway 2. More 3. Taboo |
| Folkway- | a minor rule that is not severely punished A loosely enforced norm; breaches not severely punished Covering mouth when you sneeze Waiting in line in cafeteria |
| More- | a norm that carries greater moral significance; breaches are treated seriously Stealing Lying Drug abuse Cheating Murder |
| Taboos- | a very strong negative norm. It prohibits certain behaviors Violating taboos result in extreme disgust and even expulsion from the group of society Incest Cannibalism In some cultures, eating pork |
| How do we enforce norms? | Sanctions |
| Sanctions | a way to enforce rules through rewards for positive behavior and punishments for negative behaviors |
| Formal sanctions | laws (mores, taboos) |
| Informal sanctions | shushing someone for talking oud in movie theater (folkway) |
| Negative sanction | punishment for breaking norm (ticket for speeding) |
| Positive sanction | reward for conforming to a norm (cheering on a team for winning a game) |
| How to study culture? | In studying culture, we must avoid ethnocentrism (when we think our culture is the norm) We must understand cultures on their own terms, understand that they are different |
| Cultural appropriation- | when members of a dominant group adopt cultural elements of a minority group in an exploitative, disrespectful, or stereotypical way It promotes ethnocentrism, even if that was not the intention |
| Commodification | transforming something into a product for commercial purposes, an item to be brought and sold |
| Stereotypes | Oversimplified generalizations about groups of people. Could be positive or negative |
| Prejudice | refers to the beliefs, thoughts, feelings, and attitudes someone holds about a group |
Created by:
liladdoyle