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Pneumonia and TB

QuestionAnswer
Pneumonia Patho Infection causing inflammation/consolidation of lung tissue (alveoli, interstitium). Impaired gas exchange.
Pneumonia Types Community-acquired (CAP), hospital-acquired (HAP), ventilator-associated (VAP), aspiration.
Pneumonia Sx Fever, chills, productive cough, pleuritic chest pain, crackles, tachypnea, hypoxemia.
Pneumonia Risk Factors Age, smoking, chronic disease, immunosuppression, aspiration, immobilization, vent.
Pneumonia Diagnosis CXR (infiltrates), sputum culture & Gram stain, CBC (↑WBC), blood cultures if severe.
Pneumonia Treatment Antibiotics based on likely pathogen (CAP: macrolide/fluoroquinolone; HAP: broad-spectrum).
Pneumonia Nursing O2 therapy, hydration, chest physio, incentive spirometry, monitor resp status, vaccines (prevnar/pneumovax).
Tuberculosis Caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Airborne transmission. Affects lungs primarily.
Latent TB Infection without active disease. Not contagious. Positive PPD/IGRA, normal CXR, no symptoms.
Active TB Contagious disease. Sx: cough >3wks, hemoptysis, fever, night sweats, weight loss, fatigue.
TB Diagnosis PPD skin test (induration ≥10mm), QuantiFERON blood test, CXR, sputum AFB smear & culture.
TB Treatment Multi-drug regimen: Isoniazid, Rifampin, Pyrazinamide, Ethambutol (RIPE). Directly Observed Therapy (DOT).
TB Isolation Airborne precautions (negative pressure room, N95 respirator). Until 3 negative sputum smears.
BCG Vaccine Live attenuated vaccine used in high-prevalence countries. Can cause false-positive PPD.
PPD Interpretation Induration ≥10mm = positive in general. ≥5mm in immunocompromised/HIV. ≥15mm in low risk.
Drug-Resistant TB MDR-TB (resistant to INH & Rifampin). XDR-TB (resistant to more drugs). Requires longer, toxic regimens.
TB Complications Cavitary lesions, hemoptysis, disseminated (miliary) TB, meningitis, bone/joint involvement.
Created by: Wasurenboh
 

 



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