Blockage in pulmonary artery, often from DVT. Medical emergency causing V/Q mismatch & hypoxia.

Virchow's Triad: stasis, hypercoagulability, endothelial injury. Immobility, surgery, OCPs, cancer.

Sudden dyspnea, pleuritic chest pain, tachycardia, hemoptysis, anxiety, hypotension, syncope.

CT pulmonary angiography (gold standard), V/Q scan, D-dimer (elevated), ABG (resp alkalosis).

Anticoagulation (heparin → warfarin/DOACs), thrombolytics for massive PE, possible embolectomy.

Air in pleural space → lung collapse. Types: spontaneous, traumatic, tension.

Life-threatening. Air enters but cannot exit pleural space → mediastinal shift, ↓CO. Needle decompression.

Sudden pleuritic pain, dyspnea, tachycardia, absent breath sounds on affected side, hyperresonance.

Blood in pleural space. From trauma. Dull percussion, hypovolemia signs. Requires chest tube.

Inserted into pleural space to drain air/fluid, re-establish negative pressure, re-expand lung.

1: Collection, 2: Water Seal (tidaling expected), 3: Suction Control (gentle bubbling).

Keep below chest, never clamp unless ordered, monitor for continuous bubbling (leak), assess drainage.

≥2 adjacent ribs fractured in ≥2 places → paradoxical chest movement. Impairs ventilation.

Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome. Non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema → severe hypoxemia, bilateral infiltrates.

Mechanical ventilation with low tidal volumes, PEEP, prone positioning, treat underlying cause.

Mechanical Ventilation

Provides positive pressure to assist/control breathing. Modes: AC, SIMV, PSV. Monitor ABGs.

Tidal volume (6-8 mL/kg), FiO2, PEEP, rate. Prevent volutrauma/barotrauma.

Weaning from Ventilator

Spontaneous breathing trials (SBT), assess readiness (RR, VT, ABG, mental status).

Surgical airway. Care: suctioning, stoma care, humidification, prevent dislodgement/infection.

Delivered via NC, mask, Venturi. Monitor for O2 toxicity (>50% FiO2 long term), CO2 retention in COPD.

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Respir Emergency

Question	Answer
Pulmonary Embolism	Blockage in pulmonary artery, often from DVT. Medical emergency causing V/Q mismatch & hypoxia.
PE Risk Factors	Virchow's Triad: stasis, hypercoagulability, endothelial injury. Immobility, surgery, OCPs, cancer.
PE Sx	Sudden dyspnea, pleuritic chest pain, tachycardia, hemoptysis, anxiety, hypotension, syncope.
PE Diagnosis	CT pulmonary angiography (gold standard), V/Q scan, D-dimer (elevated), ABG (resp alkalosis).
PE Treatment	Anticoagulation (heparin → warfarin/DOACs), thrombolytics for massive PE, possible embolectomy.
Pneumothorax	Air in pleural space → lung collapse. Types: spontaneous, traumatic, tension.
Tension Pneumothorax	Life-threatening. Air enters but cannot exit pleural space → mediastinal shift, ↓CO. Needle decompression.
Pneumothorax Sx	Sudden pleuritic pain, dyspnea, tachycardia, absent breath sounds on affected side, hyperresonance.
Hemothorax	Blood in pleural space. From trauma. Dull percussion, hypovolemia signs. Requires chest tube.
Chest Tube	Inserted into pleural space to drain air/fluid, re-establish negative pressure, re-expand lung.
Chest Tube Chambers	1: Collection, 2: Water Seal (tidaling expected), 3: Suction Control (gentle bubbling).
Chest Tube Nursing	Keep below chest, never clamp unless ordered, monitor for continuous bubbling (leak), assess drainage.
Flail Chest	≥2 adjacent ribs fractured in ≥2 places → paradoxical chest movement. Impairs ventilation.
ARDS	Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome. Non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema → severe hypoxemia, bilateral infiltrates.
ARDS Management	Mechanical ventilation with low tidal volumes, PEEP, prone positioning, treat underlying cause.
Mechanical Ventilation	Provides positive pressure to assist/control breathing. Modes: AC, SIMV, PSV. Monitor ABGs.
Ventilator Settings	Tidal volume (6-8 mL/kg), FiO2, PEEP, rate. Prevent volutrauma/barotrauma.
Weaning from Ventilator	Spontaneous breathing trials (SBT), assess readiness (RR, VT, ABG, mental status).
Tracheostomy	Surgical airway. Care: suctioning, stoma care, humidification, prevent dislodgement/infection.
Oxygen Therapy	Delivered via NC, mask, Venturi. Monitor for O2 toxicity (>50% FiO2 long term), CO2 retention in COPD.

Created by: Wasurenboh

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